Abstract—Nucleocytoplasmic exchange in the cell occurs through the nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). NPCs are large multiprotein complexes with octagonal symmetry about their axis and imperfect mirror symmetry about a plane parallel with the nuclear envelop (NE). NPC fuses the inner and outer nuclear membranes and opens up a channel between nucleus and cytoplasm. NPC is built of nucleoporins. Each nucleoporin occurs in at least eight copies per NPC. Inside the NPC a permeability barrier forms by which NPCs can provide fast and selectable transport of molecules from one side of the nuclear membrane to the other. NPC architecture is based on hierarchical principle of organization. Nucleoporins are integrated into complexes that oligomerizes into bigger octomeric high-order structures. These structures are the main components of NPCs. In the first part of this work, the main attention is paid to NPC structure and nucleoporin properties. The second part is dedicated to mechanisms of NPC assembly and disassembly at different stages of the cell cycle.

摘要—细胞中的核细胞质交换通过核孔复合物（NPC）发生。NPC 是大型多蛋白复合物，其轴呈八角对称，且与核膜 (NE) 平行的平面呈不完美镜像对称。NPC融合内外核膜并打开细胞核和细胞质之间的通道。NPC 由核孔蛋白构成。每个核孔蛋白在每个 NPC 中至少有八个拷贝。NPC 内部形成渗透性屏障，NPC 可以通过该屏障将分子从核膜的一侧快速选择性地传输到另一侧。NPC架构基于组织的等级原则。核孔蛋白整合成复合物，寡聚成更大的八聚体高阶结构。这些结构是 NPC 的主要组成部分。在这项工作的第一部分中，主要关注 NPC 结构和核孔蛋白特性。第二部分致力于细胞周期不同阶段的 NPC 组装和分解机制。