Men’s reproductive health exclusively depends on the appropriate maturation of certain germ cells known as sperm. Certain illnesses, such as Klinefelter syndrome, cryptorchidism, and syndrome of androgen insensitivity or absence of testis maturation in men, resulting in the loss of germ cells and the removal of essential genes on the Y chromosome, can cause non-obstructive azoospermia. According to laboratory research, preserving, proliferating, differentiating, and transplanting spermatogonial stem cells or testicular tissue could be future methods for preserving the fertility of children with cancer and men with azoospermia. Therefore, new advances in stem cell research may lead to promising therapies for treating male infertility. The rate of progression and breakthrough in the area of in vitro spermatogenesis is lower than that of SSC transplantation, but newer methods are also being developed. In this regard, tissue and cell culture, supplements, and 3D scaffolds have opened new horizons in the differentiation of stem cells in vitro, which could improve the outcomes of male infertility. Various 3D methods have been developed to produce cellular aggregates and mimic the organization and function of the testis. The production of an artificial reproductive organ that supports SSCs differentiation will certainly be a main step in male infertility treatment.

男性的生殖健康完全取决于某些生殖细胞（称为精子）的适当成熟。某些疾病，如克兰费尔特综合征、隐睾症、雄激素不敏感综合征或男性睾丸不成熟综合征，导致生殖细胞丧失和 Y 染色体上必需基因的去除，可导致非梗阻性无精症。根据实验室研究，保存、增殖、分化和移植精原干细胞或睾丸组织可能成为未来保留癌症儿童和无精症男性生育能力的方法。因此，干细胞研究的新进展可能会带来治疗男性不育症的有前景的疗法。体外精子发生领域的进展和突破速度低于SSC移植，但更新的方法也在开发中。在这方面，组织和细胞培养、补充剂和 3D 支架为干细胞体外分化开辟了新视野，可以改善男性不育的结果。人们已经开发出各种 3D 方法来产生细胞聚集体并模拟睾丸的组织和功能。支持SSC分化的人工生殖器官的生产无疑将是男性不育症治疗的一个主要步骤。