Irrigation water is required for increased crop yield and production to satisfy global food demand. However, irrigation also has negative impacts, including the production of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from groundwater pumping. To lessen this environmental problem, management methods that minimize agricultural GHG emissions from groundwater pumping should be identified. This work aims to compare measures that decrease agricultural groundwater withdrawal GHG emissions. A comparison among different energy supply and demand management choices for groundwater pumping was made to identify the most effective measure. Results indicated that the best agricultural groundwater pumping energy management practices are affected by the type of pump (e.g., electric or natural gas operated) and for electric pumps, the electric grid energy mix (e.g., coal, natural gas, oil, wind, solar). Due to their higher operational pump efficiency (OPE), electric pumps consume less energy than natural gas pumps to extract an equal volume of groundwater under similar conditions. Nevertheless, natural gas pumps produce less GHG emissions than electric pumps using the US Central and Southern Plains electricity mix. Hence, groundwater pumping energy demand management through improving the OPE of natural gas pumps will save more GHG emissions (7600 kg CO₂-eq year⁻¹) than switching to electric pumps using the electricity mix applied to this study (2800 kg CO₂-eq year⁻¹). Additionally, switching to cleaner energy sources (wind and solar) can save significantly higher amounts of carbon than just improving OPE. This analysis can guide policymakers and individuals to assist in meeting global GHG emission reduction goals and targets while satisfying increasing food demand.

需要灌溉水来提高作物产量和产量以满足全球粮食需求。然而，灌溉也有负面影响，包括抽取地下水产生温室气体 (GHG) 排放。为了减轻这一环境问题，应确定尽量减少抽取地下水造成的农业温室气体排放的管理方法。这项工作旨在比较减少农业地下水抽取温室气体排放的措施。对地下水抽水的不同能源供应和需求管理选择进行了比较，以确定最有效的措施。结果表明，最佳农业地下水抽水能源管理实践受到泵类型（例如，电动或天然气操作）的影响，对于电动泵来说，电网能源结构（例如，煤炭、天然气、石油、风能、太阳能）。由于电动泵具有更高的运行泵效率 (OPE)，因此在相似条件下抽取等量地下水时，电动泵比天然气泵消耗的能量更少。尽管如此，天然气泵产生的温室气体排放量比使用美国中部和南部平原电力组合的电动泵要少。因此，通过提高天然气泵的OPE来管理地下水抽水能源需求将减少更多的温室气体排放（7600千克二氧化碳）₂ -eq 年^{-1 ），而不是使用本研究中应用的电力组合（2800 kg CO} ₂ -eq 年^-1）改用电动泵。此外，改用更清洁的能源（风能和太阳能）比仅仅提高 OPE 可以节省更多的碳。该分析可以指导政策制定者和个人协助实现全球温室气体减排目标和具体目标，同时满足日益增长的粮食需求。