The standard of care is a term that refers to the level of care, skill, and treatment that a healthcare provider should offer to a patient based on the current scientific evidence and the level of medical knowledge available in the field. For Parkinson’s disease (PD), the standard care is mostly considered to be oral treatment with dopaminergic drugs, particularly levodopa which remains the ‘gold standard’. However, effective management with levodopa during the later stages of the disease becomes increasingly challenging due to the ongoing neurodegenerative process, the consequences of its pulsatile dopaminergic stimulation, and the gastrointestinal barriers to effective drug absorption. As a result, the concept of applying continuous dopaminergic stimulation has emerged with infusion therapies (continuous subcutaneous apomorphine, levodopa–carbidopa intestinal gel, and levodopa–entacapone–carbidopa intestinal gel infusion). These therapies seek to provide continuous stimulation of striatal dopamine receptors that is efficient not only in alleviating clinical symptoms, but also in delaying, reducing, and possibly preventing the onset of levodopa-related motor (fluctuations, dyskinesia) and non-motor complications; and they are also associated with clinically relevant side effects. Clinical studies and real-life experience support the notion that infusion therapies should be accepted as part of the standard of care for patients with advanced PD who have refractory, severe, and disabling motor complications that affect their quality of life. However, they should be considered based on the needs of individualized patients and the access to these advanced therapies needs to be made more accessible to the general PD population.

护理标准是一个术语，指医疗保健提供者根据当前的科学证据和该领域现有的医学知识水平应向患者提供的护理、技能和治疗水平。对于帕金森病（PD），标准治疗大多被认为是口服多巴胺能药物治疗，尤其是左旋多巴，它仍然是“金标准”。然而，由于持续的神经退行性过程、其脉冲性多巴胺能刺激的后果以及有效药物吸收的胃肠道障碍，在疾病的后期有效地使用左旋多巴变得越来越具有挑战性。因此，应用连续多巴胺能刺激的概念出现了输注疗法（连续皮下阿扑吗啡、左旋多巴-卡比多巴肠凝胶和左旋多巴-恩他卡朋-卡比多巴肠凝胶输注）。这些疗法寻求对纹状体多巴胺受体进行持续刺激，不仅可以有效缓解临床症状，还可以延缓、减少甚至可能预防左旋多巴相关运动（波动、运动障碍）和非运动并发症的发生；它们还与临床相关的副作用有关。临床研究和现实生活经验支持这一观点，即对于患有影响生活质量的难治性、严重和致残性运动并发症的晚期帕金森病患者，输注疗法应被视为护理标准的一部分。然而，应根据个体患者的需求来考虑它们，并且需要让普通帕金森病人群更容易获得这些先进的治疗方法。