Green synthesis of NPs is preferred due to its eco-friendly procedures and non-toxic end products. However, unintentional release of NPs can lead to environmental pollution affecting living organisms including plants. NPs accumulation in soil can affect the agricultural sustainability and crop production. In this context, we report the morphological and biochemical response of spinach nanoprimed with MgO–NPs at concentrations, 10, 50, 100, and 150 µg/ml. Nanopriming reduced the spinach root length by 14–26%, as a result a reduction of 20–74% in the length of spinach shoots was observed. The decreased spinach shoot length inhibited the chlorophyll accumulation by 21–55%, thus reducing the accumulation of carbohydrates and yield by 46 and 49%, respectively. The reduced utilization of the total absorbed light further enhanced ROS generation and oxidative stress by 32%, thus significantly altering their antioxidant system. Additionally, a significant variation in the accumulation of flavonoid pathway downstream metabolites myricitin, rutin, kaempferol-3 glycoside, and quercitin was also revealed on MgO-NPs nanopriming. Additionally, NPs enhanced the protein levels of spinach probably as an osmoprotectant to regulate the oxidative stress. However, increased protein precipitable tannins and enhanced oxidative stress reduced the protein digestibility and solubility. Overall, MgO-NPs mediated oxidative stress negatively affected the growth, development, and yield of spinach in fields in a concentration dependent manner.

纳米颗粒的绿色合成因其环保的过程和无毒的最终产品而受到青睐。然而，纳米粒子的无意释放可能导致环境污染，影响包括植物在内的生物体。土壤中纳米粒子的积累会影响农业的可持续性和作物生产。在这种情况下，我们报告了浓度为 10、50、100 和 150 µg/ml 的 MgO-NPs 纳米底漆菠菜的形态和生化反应。Nanopriming 使菠菜根长度减少了 14-26%，结果观察到菠菜芽长度减少了 20-74%。菠菜芽长度的减少抑制了叶绿素的积累21-55%，从而使碳水化合物的积累和产量分别减少了46%和49%。总吸收光利用率的降低进一步使 ROS 生成和氧化应激增加了 32%，从而显着改变了它们的抗氧化系统。此外，MgO-NPs 纳米引发剂还揭示了类黄酮途径下游代谢物杨梅素、芦丁、山奈酚-3 糖苷和槲皮素积累的显着变化。此外，纳米颗粒还可以提高菠菜的蛋白质水平，这可能是作为渗透保护剂来调节氧化应激。然而，蛋白质可沉淀单宁的增加和氧化应激的增强降低了蛋白质的消化率和溶解度。总体而言，MgO-NPs介导的氧化应激以浓度依赖性方式对田间菠菜的生长、发育和产量产生负面影响。