Abstract

The statistics, structure, and variability of large-scale cold waves in various latitudinal zones of European Russia (ER) in the winter and summer seasons are considered. The largest number of waves is observed in winter in the south of ER and in summer in the north. The contribution to the total seasonal duration of the longest waves (more than 12 days) is observed in winter in the north (>40%); in summer, waves of such duration are not observed in the center and south of ER. Winter cold waves in all zones are characterized by areas of negative temperature anomaly, covering almost the entire territory of Russia, with centers in the corresponding zone of the ER and extending eastward up to 140° E. Summer waves have a three-field structure with centers of cold over ER and the west of Western Siberia and over Yakutia, and a positive anomaly in the eastern part of Western Siberia and western Central Siberia. Circulation structures in the troposphere accompanying the cold waves and their role in the formation of temperature anomalies are discussed. In winter, the H500 geopotential fields during waves in the center and south of ER are characterized by a powerful ridge over the north of ER and the Scandinavian Peninsula (which corresponds to the Scandinavian atmospheric circulation mode) and a trough in the south of ER and Western Siberia. Cold waves in the northern zone occur with a crest in the Atlantic north and a trough in the south (the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) negative phase) and a trough in the north of ER. Summer cold waves in all zones are accompanied by a cutoff cyclone centered in the corresponding zone (slightly to the north for waves in ER south); a negative geopotential anomaly over ER corresponds to the negative phase of East Atlantic–West Russia (EAWR) mode. The seasonal wave duration series during the 20th to the first two decades of the 21st centuries exhibits pronounced long-term variability with time scales of about a decade and several decades. In summer, there has been a downward trend in the seasonal duration of cold waves in all ER zones since the mid-1970s, especially significant (in terms of contribution to overall variability) in the south. In winter, a downward (insignificant) trend is observed only for waves in the north. In the south and especially in the center, the total duration of cold waves increases from the 1990s to the end of 2000s. The connection between this behavior of the total duration of winter waves and changes in the Atlantic–European sector leading circulation modes is discussed.

中文翻译：

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俄罗斯欧洲部分的寒潮：结构、环流条件和季节统计数据的变化

摘要

考虑了俄罗斯欧洲部分（ER）各纬度地区冬季和夏季大规模寒潮的统计、结构和变化。ER 南部的冬季和北部的夏季观测到的波浪数量最多。在北部冬季观察到最长波浪（超过 12 天）对总季节持续时间的贡献（>40%）；夏季，在 ER 中部和南部观察不到如此持续时间的波浪。各区冬季寒潮均以负温异常区为特征，几乎覆盖俄罗斯全境，中心位于俄罗斯联邦相应地带，向东延伸至东经140°。夏季寒潮呈三场结构， ER、西西伯利亚西部和雅库特上空有寒冷中心，西西伯利亚东部和中西伯利亚西部有正异常。讨论了伴随寒潮的对流层环流结构及其在温度异常形成中的作用。冬季，ER中部和南部波浪期间的H500位势场的特点是ER北部和斯堪的纳维亚半岛上空有一个强大的脊（对应于斯堪的纳维亚大气环流模式），而ER和南部有一个槽。西西伯利亚。北部地区出现寒潮，波峰位于大西洋北部，波谷位于南部（北大西洋涛动 (NAO) 负相位），波谷位于 ER 北部。所有区域的夏季寒潮都伴随着以相应区域为中心的切断气旋（ER 南部的波浪稍微偏北）；ER 上的负位势异常对应于东大西洋-西俄罗斯 (EAWR) 模式的负位相。21世纪20世纪20年代至前20年的季节性波浪持续时间序列表现出明显的长期变化，时间尺度约为十年和几十年。在夏季，自 20 世纪 70 年代中期以来，所有 ER 区域的寒潮季节持续时间均呈下降趋势，特别是在南部（就对总体变化的贡献而言）显着。在冬季，仅在北部观察到波浪呈下降（不显着）趋势。在南部地区，尤其是中部地区，寒潮的总持续时间从 20 世纪 90 年代到 2000 年代末有所增加。讨论了冬季波浪总持续时间的这种行为与大西洋-欧洲扇区主导环流模式的变化之间的联系。