Abstract

Currently, there are problems to standardize methods for determining the concentration of nanoparticles and creation of etalon materials for calibrating measured concentrations. Accurate determination of nanoparticle concentration is necessary to assess the maximum dose of administered nanotherapeutics for diagnostics and therapy in vivo, to determine the order of reaction in enzymatic nanoreactors. In addition, this parameter determines biological effects, such as the formation of a protein corona on the outer surface of nanoparticles that precedes nanoparticles’ absorption and internalization in cells. This review discusses the most common methods for determining the concentration of nanoparticles based on direct visualization, using microscopy, light absorption or light scattering, direct counting of nanoparticles, and gravimetry. Results may differ from one method to the other. Thus, the use of a combination of several methods provides more reliable results. The advantages, disadvantages and ways to improve accuracy of results are also presented.

中文翻译：

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纳米颗粒浓度作为分散表征的重要参数及其在生物医学中的应用

摘要

目前，确定纳米颗粒浓度的标准化方法以及用于校准测量浓度的标准具材料的创建存在问题。准确测定纳米颗粒浓度对于评估用于体内诊断和治疗的纳米治疗药物的最大剂量、确定酶纳米反应器中的反应顺序是必要的。此外，该参数还决定生物效应，例如在纳米粒子被细胞吸收和内化之前在纳米粒子的外表面上形成蛋白质冠。本综述讨论了基于直接可视化、使用显微镜、光吸收或光散射、纳米颗粒直接计数和重量分析来确定纳米颗粒浓度的最常见方法。一种方法的结果可能与另一种方法不同。因此，多种方法的组合使用可提供更可靠的结果。还介绍了其优点、缺点以及提高结果准确性的方法。