Abstract

In the first description of evolution, the fundamental mechanism is the natural selection favoring the individuals best suited for survival and reproduction (selection at the individual level or classical Darwinian selection). However, this is a very reductive description of natural selection that does not consider or explain a long series of known phenomena, including those in which an individual sacrifices or jeopardizes his life on the basis of genetically determined mechanisms (i.e., phenoptosis). In fact, in addition to (i) selection at the individual level, it is essential to consider other types of natural selection such as those concerning: (ii) kin selection and some related forms of group selection; (iii) the interactions between the innumerable species that constitute a holobiont; (iv) the origin of the eukaryotic cell from prokaryotic organisms; (v) the origin of multicellular eukaryotic organisms from unicellular organisms; (vi) eusociality (e.g., in many species of ants, bees, termites); (vii) selection at the level of single genes, or groups of genes; (viii) the interactions between individuals (or more precisely their holobionts) of the innumerable species that make up an ecosystem. These forms of natural selection, which are all effects and not violations of the classical Darwinian selection, also show how concepts as life, species, individual, and phenoptosis are somewhat not entirely defined and somehow arbitrary. Furthermore, the idea of organisms selected on the basis of their survival and reproduction capabilities is intertwined with that of organisms also selected on the basis of their ability to cooperate and interact, even by losing their lives or their distinct identities.

中文翻译：

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表现型凋亡和各种类型的自然选择

摘要

在对进化的第一个描述中，基本机制是自然选择有利于最适合生存和繁殖的个体（个体水平的选择或经典达尔文选择）。然而，这是对自然选择的一种非常简化的描述，没有考虑或解释一系列已知的现象，包括个体根据遗传决定的机制牺牲或危及生命的现象（即表型凋亡）。事实上，除了（i）个体层面的选择之外，有必要考虑其他类型的自然选择，例如涉及以下内容的自然选择：（ii）亲属选择和一些相关形式的群体选择；(iii) 构成全生物的无数物种之间的相互作用；(iv) 真核细胞起源于原核生物；(v) 多细胞真核生物起源于单细胞生物；(vi) 真社会性（例如，在许多蚂蚁、蜜蜂、白蚁物种中）；(vii) 在单个基因或基因组水平上的选择；(viii) 构成生态系统的无数物种的个体（或更准确地说是它们的全生物）之间的相互作用。这些形式的自然选择都是结果，而不是对经典达尔文选择的违反，也表明生命、物种、个体和死亡等概念在某种程度上没有完全定义，并且在某种程度上是任意的。此外，根据生存和繁殖能力选择生物体的想法与根据合作和互动能力选择生物体的想法交织在一起，甚至失去生命或独特的身份。