: Pancreatic cancer kills millions of people worldwide each year and is one of the most prevalent causes of mortality that requires prompt therapy. A large number of people who have pancreatic cancer are detected at an advanced stage, with incurable and drug-resistant tumors. Hence the overall survival rate of pancreatic cancer is less. The advance phase of this cancer is generated because of the expression of the cancer-causing gene, inactivation of the tumorsuppressing gene, and deregulation of molecules in different cellular signalling pathways. The prompt diagnosis through the biomarkers significantly evades the progress and accelerates the survival rates. The overexpression of Mesothelin, Urokinase plasminogen activator, IGFR, Epidermal growth factor receptor, Plectin-1, Mucin-1 and Zinc transporter 4 were recognized in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Nanotechnology has led to the development of nanocarriersbased formulations (lipid, polymer, inorganic, carbon-based and advanced nanocarriers) that overcome the hurdles of conventional therapy, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, which causes toxicity to adjacent healthy tissues. Biocompatibility, toxicity and large-scale manufacturing are the hurdles associated with the nanocarriers-based approaches. Currently, Immunotherapy-based techniques have emerged as an efficient therapeutic alternative for the prevention of cancer. Immunological checkpoint targeting techniques have demonstrated significant efficacy in human cancers. Recent advancements in checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive T cell therapies, and cancer vaccines have shown potential in overcoming the immune evasion mechanisms of pancreatic cancer cells. Combining these immunotherapeutic approaches with nanocarriers holds great promise in enhancing the antitumor response and improving patient survival.

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纳米技术和免疫疗法在胰腺癌诊断和治疗中的最新进展

：胰腺癌每年导致全世界数百万人死亡，是最常见的死亡原因之一，需要及时治疗。大量胰腺癌患者被发现时已处于晚期，肿瘤无法治愈且具有耐药性。因此，胰腺癌的总生存率较低。这种癌症的晚期阶段是由于致癌基因的表达、抑癌基因的失活以及不同细胞信号通路中分子的失调而产生的。通过生物标志物进行及时诊断可以显着避免进展并加快生存率。间皮素、尿激酶纤溶酶原激活剂、IGFR、表皮生长因子受体、Plectin-1、Mucin-1 和锌转运蛋白 4 的过度表达在胰腺癌的诊断中得到认可。纳米技术促进了纳米载体配方（脂质、聚合物、无机、碳基和先进纳米载体）的发展，克服了传统疗法、化疗和放疗对邻近健康组织造成毒性的障碍。生物相容性、毒性和大规模生产是基于纳米载体的方法的障碍。目前，基于免疫疗法的技术已成为预防癌症的有效治疗替代方案。免疫检查点靶向技术已证明对人类癌症具有显着疗效。检查点抑制剂、过继性 T 细胞疗法和癌症疫苗的最新进展已显示出克服胰腺癌细胞免疫逃避机制的潜力。将这些免疫治疗方法与纳米载体相结合，在增强抗肿瘤反应和提高患者生存率方面具有广阔的前景。