Abstract

Reactive halogen species (RHS) are highly reactive compounds that are normally required for regulation of immune response, inflammatory reactions, enzyme function, etc. At the same time, hyperproduction of highly reactive compounds leads to the development of various socially significant diseases – asthma, pulmonary hypertension, oncological and neurodegenerative diseases, retinopathy, and many others. The main sources of (pseudo)hypohalous acids are enzymes from the family of heme peroxidases – myeloperoxidase, lactoperoxidase, eosinophil peroxidase, and thyroid peroxidase. Main targets of these compounds are proteins and peptides, primarily methionine and cysteine residues. Due to the short lifetime, detection of RHS can be difficult. The most common approach is detection of myeloperoxidase, which is thought to reflect the amount of RHS produced, but these methods are indirect, and the results are often contradictory. The most promising approaches seem to be those that provide direct registration of highly reactive compounds themselves or products of their interaction with components of living cells, such as fluorescent dyes. However, even such methods have a number of limitations and can often be applied mainly for in vitro studies with cell culture. Detection of reactive halogen species in living organisms in real time is a particularly acute issue. The present review is devoted to RHS, their characteristics, chemical properties, peculiarities of interaction with components of living cells, and methods of their detection in living systems. Special attention is paid to the genetically encoded tools, which have been introduced recently and allow avoiding a number of difficulties when working with living systems.

中文翻译：

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活性卤素物质：在生命系统中的作用和当前的研究方法

摘要

活性卤素（RHS）是高活性化合物，通常是调节免疫反应、炎症反应、酶功能等所必需的。同时，高活性化合物的过量产生会导致各种具有社会重大意义的疾病的发展——哮喘、肺动脉高压、肿瘤和神经退行性疾病、视网膜病变等。（伪）次卤酸的主要来源是血红素过氧化物酶家族的酶——髓过氧化物酶、乳过氧化物酶、嗜酸性粒细胞过氧化物酶和甲状腺过氧化物酶。这些化合物的主要目标是蛋白质和肽，主要是蛋氨酸和半胱氨酸残基。由于寿命短，RHS 的检测可能很困难。最常见的方法是检测髓过氧化物酶，其被认为反映了RHS产生的量，但这些方法是间接的，并且结果往往是矛盾的。最有前途的方法似乎是那些直接记录高反应性化合物本身或它们与活细胞成分（例如荧光染料）相互作用的产物的方法。然而，即使这样的方法也有许多局限性，并且通常主要应用于细胞培养的体外研究。实时检测生物体中的活性卤素是一个特别尖锐的问题。本综述主要讨论 RHS、它们的特征、化学性质、与活细胞成分相互作用的特性以及它们在生命系统中的检测方法。特别关注最近推出的基因编码工具，这些工具可以避免使用生命系统时的许多困难。