Abstract

The emergence of multidrug resistance in pathogenic organisms has caused growing concern, especially among healthcare providers, necessitating the development of new antimicrobial compounds. Resistance to metal nanoparticles is more challenging for any pathogen and thus paved a new avenue of research to formulate a new line of drugs combined with metal nanoparticles to treat microbial resistance. In this present investigation, green synthesised silver (AgNP), gold (AuNP), and platinum (PtNP) nanoparticles using the rind extract of the fruit of Garcinia mangostana L., were bioconjugated with Streptomycin. Visual colour change in solution was evidenced as the result of bioconjugation process and also significant shift in the UV–Vis spectra was recorded. The antibacterial activity against Streptomycin resistant Bacillus sp., was performed with bare and bioconjugates, AuNP and PtNP did not show any activity whereas their bioconjugates showed 100% activity and MIC was recorded as 0.1067ppm (SAuNP) and 34ppm (SPtNP), SAgNP and AgNP showed antibacterial activity but comparatively higher activity was exhibited by SAgNP. MIC for AgNP and SAgNP was recorded as 0.325 ppm and 0.187 ppm respectively. The results of cell viability test showed that the highest percentage of cell death was recorded with SAuNP treated cells (96%), followed by SPtNP (95.5%), SAgNP (95.4%) and AgNP (92.6%). The hemocompatibility was evaluated using human erythrocytes. No hemolysis was observed with any of the test compounds at their MIC. The results of SEM analysis supported the report as it showed the characteristic biconcave RBC cells with smooth surfaces, strongly suggesting hemocompatibility of the test compounds.

Graphical Abstract

中文翻译：

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链霉素生物共轭金属纳米颗粒增强抗链霉素芽孢杆菌的生物活性

摘要

病原微生物中出现的多重耐药性引起了越来越多的关注，尤其是医疗保健提供者，因此需要开发新的抗菌化合物。对于任何病原体来说，对金属纳米颗粒的耐药性都更具挑战性，因此为开发与金属纳米颗粒相结合的新药物系列来治疗微生物耐药性开辟了新的研究途径。在本研究中，使用藤黄果果皮提取物绿色合成的银 (AgNP)、金 (AuNP) 和铂 (PtNP) 纳米颗粒与链霉素进行生物共轭。作为生物共轭过程的结果，溶液中的视觉颜色变化得到证实，并且还记录了紫外-可见光谱的显着变化。使用裸露和生物缀合物对链霉素抗性芽孢杆菌进行抗菌活性，AuNP 和 PtNP 没有显示任何活性，而它们的生物缀合物显示 100% 活性，MIC 记录为 0.1067ppm (SAuNP) 和 34ppm (SPtNP)，SAgNP 和AgNP 表现出抗菌活性，但 SAgNP 表现出相对较高的活性。AgNP 和 SAgNP 的 MIC 分别记录为 0.325 ppm 和 0.187 ppm。细胞活力测试结果显示，SAuNP处理的细胞的细胞死亡百分比最高(96%)，其次是SPtNP(95.5%)、SAgNP(95.4%)和AgNP(92.6%)。使用人红细胞评估血液相容性。任何测试化合物在其 MIC 下均未观察到溶血现象。SEM 分析结果支持了该报告，因为它显示了具有光滑表面的特征性双凹红细胞，强烈表明测试化合物的血液相容性。

图形概要