Lhasa, perched atop the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, has particular hydrochemical evolution characteristics as well as a distinct biological habitat. Rapid development has jeopardized the surface and groundwater. To maintain water safety and community health, a scientific examination of groundwater quality and human health problems is essential. A complete investigation of Lhasa's hydrochemical evolution was carried out using 65 water samples, including 14 surface water samples and 51 groundwater samples, and the quality of the surface and groundwater was assessed. Health hazards were also assessed. According to the findings, both surface water and groundwater have decreased salinity, hardness, and alkalinity. According to the Comprehensive Weighted Water Quality Index statistics, the average water quality indices for surface water and groundwater are 16.28 and 14.14, respectively, indicating good water quality. Surface and groundwater are suitable for agricultural irrigation due to their low salt absorption rates. According to the study of hydrochemical development and regulating factors, rock weathering is a phenomenon that affects both surface water and groundwater. Water is unaffected by precipitation or human actions. According to the human health risk assessment, children have a higher risk of non-carcinogenicity than adults, and the primary exposure route is daily oral ingestion. Non-carcinogenic health risk indices for nitrate consumption in children and adults are 0.220 and 0.136, respectively, indicating a lower non-carcinogenic risk of nitrate in the region's surface and groundwater, and the younger the age, the higher the non-carcinogenic health risk of nitrate intake. This study provides data support for local water resource management and optimization, as well as a reference for the chemical evolution of urban water and the evaluation of nitrate non-carcinogenic risk in global alpine regions.

拉萨地处青藏高原，具有独特的水化学演化特征和独特的生物栖息地。快速发展已经危害了地表水和地下水。为了维护水安全和社区健康，对地下水质量和人类健康问题进行科学检查至关重要。对拉萨市水化学演化进行了全面调查，共采集了65个水样，其中地表水样14个，地下水样51个，并对地表水和地下水水质进行了评价。还评估了健康危害。研究结果显示，地表水和地下水的盐度、硬度和碱度均有所下降。根据水质综合加权指数统计，地表水和地下水平均水质指数分别为16.28和14.14，水质良好。地表水和地下水由于吸盐率低，适合农业灌溉。根据水化学发育及调节因素的研究，岩石风化是一种同时影响地表水和地下水的现象。水不受降水或人类活动的影响。根据人类健康风险评估，儿童的非致癌风险高于成人，主要暴露途径是每日口服摄入。儿童和成人摄入硝酸盐的非致癌健康风险指数分别为0.220和0.136，表明该地区地表水和地下水中硝酸盐的非致癌风险较低，且年龄越小，非致癌健康风险越高硝酸盐摄入量。该研究为当地水资源管理和优化提供数据支撑，也为全球高寒地区城市水的化学演化和硝酸盐非致癌风险评估提供参考。