Due to the limitations of conventional ultrafiltration/microfiltration-based membrane bioreactors (UF/MF-MBRs) in removing trace organic compounds (TrOCs), the concept of high-retention membrane bioreactors (HR-MBRs) was introduced. Despite the benefits, HR-MBRs still suffer several drawbacks. Therefore, this paper critically reviews the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed strategies to alleviate fouling, salinity build-up and incomplete biodegradation of TrOCs during wastewater treatment by HR-MBRs. The severity of each challenge is compared amongst the various configurations together with the associated capital and operational expenditure to determine the most cost-effective set-up. Guidance is provided on strategies and/or lessons that could be adopted from well-established processes used at municipal scale. Chemical cleaning as mitigation for fouling degrades membranes leading to poor TrOCs removal, while pre-treatment and membrane surface modification increase operational expenditure (OpEX). However, there are other environmentally-friendly pretreatment and cleaning options which hold great potential for future application. These options such as advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are critically discussed in this work. Further, in-depth discussion is made on the pros and cons of the various approaches (such as frequent sludge withdrawal, intermittent UF/MF filtration and using organic salts) to alleviate salt build-up. Finally, incomplete biodegradation of rejected TrOCs in the bioreactor transfers problems of toxic pollutants from wastewater treatment to sludge management. Herein mitigation strategies including using stronger biological agents and coupling HR-MBRs with other techniques are debated. Despite the challenges, HR-MBRs are a promising solution for clean water production from TrOCs impaired wastewater. Therefore, more research is needed to improve the performance of HR-MBRs.

由于传统的超滤/微滤膜生物反应器（UF/MF-MBR）在去除痕量有机化合物（TrOC）方面存在局限性，因此引入了高截留膜生物反应器（HR-MBR）的概念。尽管有这些优点，HR-MBR 仍然存在一些缺点。因此，本文批判性地回顾了所提出的在 HR-MBR 废水处理过程中减轻污垢、盐度积聚和 TrOCs 不完全生物降解的策略的有效性和可行性。比较各种配置中每个挑战的严重性以及相关的资本和运营支出，以确定最具成本效益的设置。提供了关于可从市政规模使用的完善流程中采用的策略和/或经验教训的指导。化学清洗作为缓解污垢的方法会降低膜的性能，导致 TrOC 去除效果不佳，而预处理和膜表面改性则会增加运营支出 (OpEX)。然而，还有其他环保的预处理和清洁方案，在未来的应用中具有巨大的潜力。这项工作对高级氧化工艺 (AOP) 等选项进行了批判性讨论。此外，还深入讨论了减少盐积聚的各种方法（例如频繁污泥排出、间歇性超滤/微滤过滤和使用有机盐）的优缺点。最后，生物反应器中废弃 TrOC 的不完全生物降解将有毒污染物问题从废水处理转移到污泥管理。本文讨论了缓解策略，包括使用更强的生物制剂以及将 HR-MBR 与其他技术相结合。尽管面临挑战，HR-MBR 仍然是从 TrOCs 受损废水中生产清洁水的一种有前景的解决方案。因此，需要更多的研究来提高 HR-MBR 的性能。