Background

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an essential enzyme that protects cells from oxidative stress and maintains redox balance. Many studies have explored the role of SOD in various genotypes of algae and plants, but a comprehensive review of the current literature is still lacking.

Aims

This review investigates the different SOD isoforms and their roles in adapting and surviving under stressful environmental conditions. We focus on two model organisms: the higher plant Arabidopsis and the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas. We show that different plant and algal genotypes have unique SOD classes with different metal cofactors, such as Cu/Zn, Mn, and Fe, that help them deal with specific stress conditions. The activity of each SOD class depends on the availability of these metals in the cells. Moreover, we discuss how alternative splicing, RNA-binding proteins, microRNAs, and DNA methylation can influence the expression of SOD genes and highlight the gaps in our knowledge of their mechanisms.

Conclusions

We suggest that future studies should explore the genes related to Ni-SOD, examine their potential transfer into algae and legumes, and consider the consequences of SOD overactivity in plant cells.

中文翻译：

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拟南芥和衣藻中的超氧化物歧化酶：多样性、定位、调控和作用

背景

超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）是保护细胞免受氧化应激并维持氧化还原平衡的必需酶。许多研究探讨了SOD在藻类和植物的各种基因型中的作用，但目前仍缺乏对现有文献的全面综述。

目标

本综述研究了不同的 SOD 亚型及其在应激环境条件下适应和生存的作用。我们关注两种模式生物：高等植物拟南芥和单细胞绿藻衣藻。我们发现，不同的植物和藻类基因型具有独特的 SOD 类别，以及不同的金属辅助因子（例如 Cu/Zn、Mn 和 Fe），有助于它们应对特定的胁迫条件。每种 SOD 类别的活性取决于细胞中这些金属的可用性。此外，我们还讨论了选择性剪接、RNA 结合蛋白、microRNA 和 DNA 甲基化如何影响 SOD 基因的表达，并强调了我们对其机制的了解中的空白。

结论

我们建议未来的研究应该探索与 Ni-SOD 相关的基因，检查它们转移到藻类和豆类中的潜力，并考虑植物细胞中 SOD 过度活跃的后果。