Abstract

Currently, there are approximately 6500 species of viruses known in the world, among which more than 1500 are plant viruses. Most of them are capable of causing epiphytoties, which lead to decreased yields, reduced product quality, and sometimes put valuable commercial varieties or even entire plant species at risk of extinction. The global spread of viruses leads to the need to strengthen phytosanitary and quarantine restrictions, which requires additional financial costs. Understanding of viral biology and the principles of its propagation is a key factor in the formation of strategies and methods for combating these pathogens. Among the newest approaches are the genetic engineering technologies. Their use made it possible to create a number of plant varieties with increased resistance to viruses. However, the problem of creating virus-resistant plants still remains one of the most urgent since viruses acquire the ability to bypass defense mechanisms with time and there is a need to obtain new resistant varieties. There are several main approaches for obtaining of transgenic plants with increased resistance to viruses. They are based on RNA interference, resistance associated with viral capsid proteins, RNA-satellites, antisense RNAs, replicases, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, the action of ribonucleases, ribosome-inactivating proteins, hammerhead ribozymes, miRNAs, plant antibodies, etc. One of the approaches to creating virus-resistant plants is the use of ribonuclease genes. The genes encoding ribonucleases have different origin and belong to a wide range of hosts: bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. In particular, extracellular ribonucleases are able to cut nonspecifically molecules of viral RNA in apoplast that allows for creating plants with increased resistance to various plant viruses. This review is focused on the study of various genetic engineering approaches and the prospects of their use for the creation of virus-resistant plants. Emphasis is placed on the study of heterologous ribonuclease genes influence.

中文翻译：

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抗病毒植物工程策略：关注核糖核酸酶

摘要

目前，世界上已知的病毒约有6500种，其中植物病毒有1500多种。它们中的大多数能够引起附生植物，从而导致产量下降、产品质量下降，有时使有价值的商业品种甚至整个植物物种面临灭绝的风险。病毒的全球传播导致需要加强植物检疫和检疫限制，这需要额外的财务成本。了解病毒生物学及其传播原理是制定对抗这些病原体的策略和方法的关键因素。最新的方法之一是基因工程技术。它们的使用使得创造出许多对病毒具有更强抵抗力的植物品种成为可能。然而，创造抗病毒植物的问题仍然是最紧迫的问题之一，因为病毒随着时间的推移获得了绕过防御机制的能力，并且需要获得新的抗病毒品种。有几种主要方法可用于获得具有增强的病毒抗性的转基因植物。它们基于 RNA 干扰、与病毒衣壳蛋白、RNA 卫星、反义 RNA、复制酶、RNA 依赖性 RNA 聚合酶、核糖核酸酶的作用、核糖体失活蛋白、锤头核酶、miRNA、植物抗体等相关的抗性。 一创造抗病毒植物的方法之一是使用核糖核酸酶基因。编码核糖核酸酶的基因具有不同的起源，属于多种宿主：细菌、真菌、植物和动物。特别是，细胞外核糖核酸酶能够非特异性切割质外体中的病毒RNA分子，从而可以产生对各种植物病毒具有增强抗性的植物。本综述的重点是各种基因工程方法的研究及其用于创建抗病毒植物的前景。重点研究异源核糖核酸酶基因的影响。