In this work, ultrafine grained commercially pure titanium (Cp-Ti) was developed using repetitive corrugation and straightening (RCS) process. The optical micrographs revealed a 90% grain refinement of processed sample to 5 µm from initial size of 50 µm. The microhardness value revealed a 44.70% increase in hardness from 170 to 246 HV. The ultimate tensile strength was found to be 589 MPa which is 37% more than the as-received sample. The contact angle (45.3°) of processed sample exhibits the hydrophilic behavior of processed sample. This further facilitated the enhanced protein adsorption and cell attachment in the samples which was instantiated by the biocompatibility studies. The in-vitro bioactivity study was conducted on the immersed samples in simulated body fluid and a dense apatite growth with a Ca/P ratio of 1.66 was observed. Hence, RCS processed Cp-Ti is suggested as a potential candidate for load bearing applications.

Graphical abstract

中文翻译：

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通过植入应用中的重复波纹和矫直技术对 Cp-Ti 片晶粒细化的影响

在这项工作中，采用重复波纹和矫直（RCS）工艺开发了超细晶粒商业纯钛（Cp-Ti）。光学显微照片显示，加工样品的晶粒细化了 90%，从初始尺寸 50 µm 细化至 5 µm。显微硬度值显示硬度从 170 HV 增加到 246 HV，增加了 44.70%。极限拉伸强度为 589 MPa，比收到的样品高出 37%。处理后的样品的接触角（45.3°）表现出处理后的样品的亲水行为。这进一步促进了样品中蛋白质吸附和细胞附着的增强，生物相容性研究证实了这一点。对浸入模拟体液中的样品进行体外生物活性研究，观察到Ca/P比为1.66的致密磷灰石生长。因此，RCS 处理的 Cp-Ti 被建议作为承载应用的潜在候选者。

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