The thymus is the key immune organ for the development of T cells. Different populations of thymic stromal cells interact with T cells, thereby controlling the dynamic development of T cells through their differentiation and function. Proteostasis represents a balance between protein expression, folding, and modification and protein clearance, and its fluctuation usually depends at least partially on related protein regulatory systems for further survival and effects. However, in terms of the substantial requirement for self-antigens and their processing burden, increasing evidence highlights that protein regulation contributes to the physiological effects of thymic stromal cells. Impaired proteostasis may expedite the progression of thymic involution and dysfunction, accompanied by the development of autoimmune diseases or thymoma. Hence, in this review, we summarize the regulation of proteostasis within different types of thymic stromal cells under physiological and pathological conditions to identify potential targets for thymic regeneration and immunotherapy.

胸腺是T细胞发育的关键免疫器官。不同群体的胸腺基质细胞与T细胞相互作用，从而通过其分化和功能控制T细胞的动态发育。蛋白质稳态代表蛋白质表达、折叠、修饰和蛋白质清除之间的平衡，其波动通常至少部分取决于相关蛋白质调节系统的进一步存活和影响。然而，就自身抗原的大量需求及其加工负担而言，越来越多的证据强调蛋白质调节有助于胸腺基质细胞的生理效应。蛋白质稳态受损可能会加速胸腺退化和功能障碍的进展，并伴有自身免疫性疾病或胸腺瘤的发展。因此，在这篇综述中，我们总结了生理和病理条件下不同类型胸腺基质细胞内蛋白质稳态的调节，以确定胸腺再生和免疫治疗的潜在靶点。