This paper explores the efficiency and potential of indirect freeze crystallization (IFC) as a valuable resource-recovery technology in wastewater treatment, particularly focusing on acid mine water and hazardous material wastewater-treatment plants. Wastewater treatment poses challenges to recovering valuable resources effectively, enforcing the need for sustainable and resource-efficient technologies like freeze crystallization. Through a thorough examination of IFC principles and mechanisms, this paper aims to highlight its applications, advantages, and limitations. The investigation includes a comprehensive literature review and detailed methodology from one of the IFC pilot plants, as well as a critical analysis of the environmental and economic implications of IFC. By addressing scaling challenges in reverse osmosis and proposing an environmentally friendly brine disposal method through IFC, this paper contributes to reducing the environmental footprint associated with wastewater treatment. Additionally, this paper highlights the importance of extracting valuable resources from highly saline water and emphasises the potential economic and environmental benefits of resource recovery, particularly focusing on the promising technology of IFC.

中文翻译：

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间接冷冻结晶——一种从废水中回收宝贵资源的新兴技术

本文探讨了间接冷冻结晶 (IFC) 作为废水处理中有价值的资源回收技术的效率和潜力，特别关注酸性矿井水和有害物质废水处理厂。废水处理对有效回收宝贵资源提出了挑战，因此需要冷冻结晶等可持续和资源高效的技术。本文旨在通过对国际金融公司原则和机制的深入研究，强调其应用、优势和局限性。该调查包括全面的文献综述和国际金融公司试点工厂之一的详细方法，以及对国际金融公司的环境和经济影响的批判性分析。通过解决反渗透的结垢挑战并通过 IFC 提出一种环保的盐水处理方法，本文有助于减少与废水处理相关的环境足迹。此外，本文还强调了从高盐度水中提取宝贵资源的重要性，并强调了资源回收的潜在经济和环境效益，特别关注了国际金融公司（IFC）前景广阔的技术。