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Priority-based concurrency and shared resource access mechanisms for nested intercomponent requests in CAmkES Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2024-04-15 Marion Sudvarg, Zhuoran Sun, Ao Li, Chris Gill, Ning Zhang
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Inference serving with end-to-end latency SLOs over dynamic edge networks Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2024-02-06 Vinod Nigade, Pablo Bauszat, Henri Bal, Lin Wang
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Statistical verification of autonomous system controllers under timing uncertainties Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2024-01-29
Abstract Software in autonomous systems like autonomous cars, robots or drones is often implemented on resource-constrained embedded systems with heterogeneous architectures. At the heart of such software are multiple feedback control loops, whose dynamics not only depend on the control strategy being used, but also on the timing behavior the control software experiences. But performing timing analysis
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ChamelIoT: a tightly- and loosely-coupled hardware-assisted OS framework for low-end IoT devices Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2023-12-20 Miguel Silva, Tiago Gomes, Mongkol Ekpanyapong, Adriano Tavares, Sandro Pinto
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Cluster-aware scheduling in multitasking GPUs Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2023-11-22 Xia Zhao, Huiquan Wang, Anwen Huang, Dongsheng Wang, Guangda Zhang
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Configuration optimization for heterogeneous time-sensitive networks Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2023-11-23 Niklas Reusch, Mohammadreza Barzegaran, Luxi Zhao, Silviu S. Craciunas, Paul Pop
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A formal framework to design and prove trustworthy memory controllers Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2023-11-14 Felipe Lisboa Malaquias, Mihail Asavoae, Florian Brandner
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Evaluating virtualization for fog monitoring of real-time applications in mixed-criticality systems Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2023-11-01 Marcello Cinque, Luigi De Simone, Nicola Mazzocca, Daniele Ottaviano, Francesco Vitale
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Main sources of variability and non-determinism in AD software: taxonomy and prospects to handle them Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2023-08-29 Miguel Alcon, Axel Brando, Enrico Mezzetti, Jaume Abella, Francisco J. Cazorla
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Cutting-plane algorithms for preemptive uniprocessor scheduling problems Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2023-08-28 Abhishek Singh
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Extending a predictable machine learning framework with efficient gemm-based convolution routines Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2023-08-28 Iryna De Albuquerque Silva, Thomas Carle, Adrien Gauffriau, Claire Pagetti
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Time-sensitive autonomous architectures Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2023-08-21 Donato Ferraro, Luca Palazzi, Federico Gavioli, Michele Guzzinati, Andrea Bernardi, Benjamin Rouxel, Paolo Burgio, Marco Solieri
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A survey on real-time DAG scheduling, revisiting the Global-Partitioned Infinity War Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2023-08-14 Micaela Verucchi, Ignacio Sañudo Olmedo, Marko Bertogna
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Supporting AI-powered real-time cyber-physical systems on heterogeneous platforms via hypervisor technology Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2023-07-17 Edoardo Cittadini, Mauro Marinoni, Alessandro Biondi, Giorgiomaria Cicero, Giorgio Buttazzo
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A real-time vital control module to increase capabilities of railway control systems in highly automated train operations Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2023-07-06 Arturo Amendola, Mario Barbareschi, Salvatore De Simone, Giovanni Mezzina, Alberto Moriconi, Cataldo Luciano Saragaglia, Diana Serra, Daniela De Venuto
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Partial-order reduction in reachability-based response-time analyses of limited-preemptive DAG tasks Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2023-06-08 Sayra Ranjha, Pourya Gohari, Geoffrey Nelissen, Mitra Nasri
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Generalized self-cueing real-time attention scheduling with intermittent inspection and image resizing Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2023-06-08 Shengzhong Liu, Xinzhe Fu, Yigong Hu, Maggie Wigness, Philip David, Shuochao Yao, Lui Sha, Tarek Abdelzaher
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The shape of a DAG: bounding the response time using long paths Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2023-05-25 Qingqiang He, Nan Guan, Mingsong Lv, Xu Jiang, Wanli Chang
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FlyOS: rethinking integrated modular avionics for autonomous multicopters Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2023-05-23 Anam Farrukh, Richard West
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CertiCAN certifying CAN analyses and their results Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2023-03-14 Pascal Fradet, Xiaojie Guo, Sophie Quinton
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Scheduling IDK classifiers with arbitrary dependences to minimize the expected time to successful classification Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2023-03-13 Tarek Abdelzaher, Kunal Agrawal, Sanjoy Baruah, Alan Burns, Robert I. Davis, Zhishan Guo, Yigong Hu
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Multi-Topology Routing based traffic optimization for IEEE 802.1 Time Sensitive Networking Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2023-03-06 Ömer Kaǧan Demir, Selçuk Cevher
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Enhanced schedulability tests for real-time regularity-based virtualized systems with dependent and self-suspension tasks Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2022-11-03 Guangli Dai, Pavan Kumar Paluri, Albert M. K. Cheng
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Design and analyses of functional mode changes for mixed-criticality systems Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2022-08-20 Vijaya Kumar Sundar, Saravanan Ramanathan, Arvind Easwaran
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Design optimization for real-time systems with sustainable schedulability analysis Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2022-08-16 Yecheng Zhao, Runzhi Zhou, Haibo Zeng
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Real-time task scheduling with image resizing for criticality-based machine perception Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2022-08-08 Yigong Hu, Shengzhong Liu, Tarek Abdelzaher, Maggie Wigness, Philip David
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Feedback-based resource management for multi-threaded applications Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2022-07-02 Alessandro V. Papadopoulos, Kunal Agrawal, Enrico Bini, Sanjoy Baruah
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Robust and accurate regression-based techniques for period inference in real-time systems Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2022-06-20 Şerban Vădineanu, Mitra Nasri
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Optimally ordering IDK classifiers subject to deadlines Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2022-05-14 Sanjoy Baruah, Alan Burns, Robert I. Davis, Yue Wu
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Profile-driven memory bandwidth management for accelerators and CPUs in QoS-enabled platforms Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2022-04-26 Parul Sohal, Rohan Tabish, Ulrich Drepper, Renato Mancuso
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Feasibility analysis for HPC-DAG tasks Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2022-03-26 Sanjoy Baruah
The HPC-DAG task model is a very general and feature-rich model that was developed for the purposes of representing real-time applications that are intended for implementation upon heterogeneous multiprocessor platforms. The computational complexity of determining feasibility for a task specified according to this model is considered, both for the general model and for some practically meaningful restricted
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Exploring AMD GPU scheduling details by experimenting with “worst practices” Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2022-03-23 Nathan Otterness, James H. Anderson
Graphics processing units (GPUs) have been the target of a significant body of recent real-time research, but research is often hampered by the “black box” nature of GPU hardware and software. Now that one GPU manufacturer, AMD, has embraced an open-source software stack, one may expect an increased amount of real-time research to use AMD GPUs. Reality, however, is more complicated. Without understanding
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Performance optimization of autonomous driving control under end-to-end deadlines Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2022-02-27 Yunhao Bai, Li Li, Zejiang Wang, Xiaorui Wang, Junmin Wang
The rapid growth of autonomous driving in recent years has posed some new research challenges to the traditional vehicle control system. For example, in order to flexibly change the yaw rate and moving speed of a vehicle based on the detected road conditions, autonomous driving control often needs to dynamically tune its control parameters for better trajectory tracking and vehicle stability. Consequently
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Editorial on the special issue of RTNS 2020 Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2022-02-20 Sebastian Altmeyer,Jean-Luc Scharbarg
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A framework for multi-core schedulability analysis accounting for resource stress and sensitivity Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2022-02-19 Robert I. Davis, David Griffin, Iain Bate
Timing verification of multi-core systems is complicated by contention for shared hardware resources between co-running tasks on different cores. This paper introduces the Multi-core Resource Stress and Sensitivity (MRSS) task model that characterizes how much stress each task places on resources and how much it is sensitive to such resource stress. This model facilitates a separation of concerns,
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A comprehensive survey of industry practice in real-time systems Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2021-11-11 Benny Akesson, Mitra Nasri, Geoffrey Nelissen, Sebastian Altmeyer, Robert I. Davis
This paper presents results and observations from a survey of 120 industry practitioners in the field of real-time embedded systems. The survey provides insights into the characteristics of the systems being developed today and identifies important trends for the future. It extends the results from the survey data to the broader population that it is representative of, and discusses significant differences
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Bounding the execution time of parallel applications on unrelated multiprocessors Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2021-10-21 Petros Voudouris, Per Stenström, Risat Pathan
Heterogeneous multiprocessors can offer high performance at low energy expenditures. However, to be able to use them in hard real-time systems, timing guarantees need to be provided, and the main challenge is to determine the worst-case schedule length (also known as makespan) of an application. Previous works that estimate the makespan focus mainly on the independent-task application model or the
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Shared resources in multiprocessor real-time systems scheduled by RUN Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2021-09-09 Teixeira, Ricardo Brasil, Lima, George
Reduction to Uniprocessor (RUN) is a global optimal scheduling algorithm capable of efficiently generating schedules for independent periodic tasks. When tasks share resources other than processors, the only known solution designed for RUN is the Server Based Locking Protocol (SBLP). However, by restricting preemptive access to shared resources, SBLP potentially decreases schedulability. In this paper
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Linear-time admission control for elastic scheduling Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2021-08-02 Sudvarg, Marion, Gill, Chris, Baruah, Sanjoy
Prior algorithms that have been proposed for the uniprocessor implementation of systems of elastic tasks have computational complexity quadratic (\(O(n^2)\)) in the number of tasks n, for both initialization and for admitting new tasks during run-time. We present a more efficient implementation in which initialization takes quasilinear (\(O(n\log n)\)), and on-line admission control, linear (O(n))
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Precise, efficient, and context-sensitive cache analysis Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2021-06-24 Florian Brandner, Camille Noûs
Bounding the Worst-Case Execution Time (WCET) of real-time software requires precise knowledge about the reachable program and hardware states that might be observed at runtime. The analysis of precise cache states is particularly important and challenging. Due to the high cost of cache misses the analysis precision may have an important impact on the obtainable WCET bounds, while the large state space
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Guest editorial: Special issue on Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS) Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2021-06-11 Liliana Cucu-Grosjean,Xiaobo Sharon Hu
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An ILP representation of a DAG scheduling problem Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2021-05-27 Sanjoy Baruah
The use of integer linear programs for solving complex real-time scheduling problems is investigated. The problem of scheduling a workload represented as a directed acyclic graph (DAG) upon a dedicated multiprocessor platform is considered, in which each individual vertex of the DAG is assigned to a specific processor and the entire DAG is required to complete execution within a specified duration
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Mixed-criticality real-time scheduling of gang task systems Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2021-05-23 Ashikahmed Bhuiyan, Kecheng Yang, Samsil Arefin, Abusayeed Saifullah, Nan Guan, Zhishan Guo
Mixed-criticality (MC) scheduling of sequential tasks (with no intra-task parallelism) has been well-explored by the real-time systems community. However, till date, there has been little progress on MC scheduling of parallel tasks. MC scheduling of parallel tasks is highly challenging due to the requirement of various assurances under different criticality levels. In this work, we address the MC scheduling
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Workload assignment for global real-time scheduling on unrelated clustered platforms Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2021-05-15 Antoine Bertout, Joël Goossens, Emmanuel Grolleau, Roy Jamil, Xavier Poczekajlo
Heterogeneous MPSoCs are being used more and more, from cellphones to critical embedded systems. Most of those systems offer heterogeneous sets of identical cores. In this paper, we propose new results on the global scheduling approach. We extend fundamental global scheduling results on unrelated processors to results on unrelated multicore platforms, a more realistic model. We introduce several methods
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Dynamic power management under the RUN scheduling algorithm: a slack filling approach Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2021-03-22 Lais Borin, George Lima, Márcio Castro, Patricia D. M. Plentz
Effective energy-aware scheduling is paramount for current and future multiprocessor real-time systems, being Dynamic Power Management (DPM) one of the employed techniques. In this paper we extend the Reduction to Uniprocessor (RUN) algorithm making it DPM-compliant. RUN is an optimal multiprocessor real-time scheduling for periodic implicit-deadline tasks and it is known to generate low overhead in
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Online reconfiguration of regularity-based resource partitions in cyber-physical systems Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2021-03-01 Wei-Ju Chen, Peng Wu, Pei-Chi Huang, Aloysius K. Mok, Song Han
We consider the problem of resource provisioning for real-time cyber-physical applications in an open system environment where there does not exist a global resource scheduler that has complete knowledge of the real-time performance requirements of each individual application that shares the resources with the other applications. Regularity-based Resource Partition (RRP) model is an effective strategy
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Selected papers presented at the 26th International Conference on Real-Time and Network Systems (RTNS 2018) Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2021-02-27 Moris Behnam,Mathieu Jan
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Schedulability of probabilistic mixed-criticality systems Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2021-02-21 Stefan Draskovic, Rehan Ahmed, Pengcheng Huang, Lothar Thiele
Mixed-criticality systems often need to fulfill safety standards that dictate different requirements for each criticality level, for example given in the ‘probability of failure per hour’ format. A recent trend suggests designing this kind of systems by jointly scheduling tasks of different criticality levels on a shared platform. When this is done, the usual assumption is that tasks of lower criticality
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Concurrency groups: a new way to look at real-time multiprocessor lock nesting Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2021-02-05 Catherine E. Nemitz, Tanya Amert, Manish Goyal, James H. Anderson
When designing a real-time multiprocessor locking protocol, the allowance of lock nesting creates complications that can inhibit parallelism. Such protocols are typically designed by focusing on the arbitration of resource requests that should be prohibited from executing concurrently. This paper proposes “concurrency groups,” a new concept that reflects an alternative point of view that focuses instead
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Guest Editorial: Special issue on outstanding papers from RTNS 2019 Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2021-02-05 Ye-Qiong Song,Christopher Gill
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A note on slack enforcement mechanisms for self-suspending tasks Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2021-01-27 Mario Günzel, Jian-Jia Chen
This paper provides counterexamples for the slack enforcement mechanisms to handle segmented self-suspending real-time tasks by Lakshmanan and Rajkumar (Proceedings of the Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS), pp 3–12, 2010).
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Tardiness bounds for fixed-priority global scheduling without intra-task precedence constraints Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2021-01-18 Sergey Voronov, James H. Anderson, Kecheng Yang
Fixed-priority multiprocessor schedulers are often preferable to dynamic-priority ones because they entail less overhead, are easier to implement, and enable certain tasks to be favored over others. Under global fixed-priority (G-FP) scheduling, as applied to the standard sporadic task model, response times for low-priority tasks may be unbounded, even if the total task system utilization is low. In
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Statically optimal dynamic soft real-time semi-partitioned scheduling Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2021-01-02 Clara Hobbs, Zelin Tong, Joshua Bakita, James H. Anderson
Semi-partitioned scheduling is an approach to multiprocessor real-time scheduling where most tasks are fixed to processors, while a small subset of tasks is allowed to migrate. This approach offers reduced overhead compared to global scheduling, and can reduce processor capacity loss compared to partitioned scheduling. Prior work has resulted in a number of semi-partitioned scheduling algorithms, but
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Algorithms for implementing elastic tasks on multiprocessor platforms: a comparative evaluation Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2021-01-02 James Orr, Sanjoy Baruah
The elastic task model enables the adaptation of systems of recurrent real-time tasks under uncertain or potentially overloaded conditions. A range of permissible periods is specified for each task in this model; during run-time a period is selected for each task from the specified range of permissible periods to ensure schedulability in a manner that maximizes the quality of provided service. This
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Reaching self-stabilising distributed synchronisation with COTS Ethernet components: the WALDEN approach Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2021-01-02 Shaolin Yu, Jihong Zhu, Jiali Yang
For reaching deterministic self-stabilising distributed synchronisation with commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) Ethernet, this paper explores the Wire-Adapted Linker-Decoupled EtherNet (WALDEN) architecture with the integration of several mass-produced COTS products. Upon this architecture, basic strategies of distributed synchronisation are discussed. Self-stabilising algorithms are presented and formally
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Response time analysis of multiframe mixed-criticality systems with arbitrary deadlines Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2020-11-11 Ishfaq Hussain, Muhammad Ali Awan, Pedro F. Souto, Konstantinos Bletsas, Benny Akesson, Eduardo Tovar
The well-known model of Vestal aims to avoid excessive pessimism in the quantification of the processing requirements of mixed-criticality systems, while still guaranteeing the timeliness of higher-criticality functions. This can bring important savings in system costs, and indirectly help meet size, weight and power constraints. This efficiency is promoted via the use of multiple worst-case execution
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A novel view on bounding execution demand under mixed-criticality EDF Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2020-10-23 Mitra Mahdiani, Alejandro Masrur
In this paper, we are concerned with scheduling a mix of high-criticality (HI) and low-criticality (LO) tasks under Earliest Deadline First (EDF) on one processor. To this end, the system implements two operation modes, LO and HI mode. In LO mode, HI tasks execute for no longer than their optimistic execution budgets and are scheduled together with the LO tasks. The system switches to HI mode, where
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A schedule randomization policy to mitigate timing attacks in WirelessHART networks Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2020-08-29 Ankita Samaddar, Arvind Easwaran, Rui Tan
Industrial control systems consist of large-scale wireless sensor-actuator networks (WSAN) that control the physical plant. The communications between the sensors and the actuators need to be reliable and guaranteed within strict deadlines for safe operation of all the system components in industrial setups. WirelessHART is the most suitable and widely adopted WSAN standard that serves as the medium
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Correspondence Article: Counterexample for suspension-aware schedulability analysis of EDF scheduling Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2020-08-18 Mario Günzel, Jian-Jia Chen
Self-suspension behavior has been demonstrated to appear in complex cyber-physical real-time systems, e.g., multiprocessor locking protocols, computation offloading, and multicore resource sharing, as demonstrated in (Chen et al. (2019), Section 2). Although the impact of self-suspension behavior has been investigated since 1990, the literature of this research topic has been flawed as reported in
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Co-scheduling aperiodic real-time tasks with end-to-end firm and soft deadlines in two-stage systems Real-Time Syst. (IF 1.3) Pub Date : 2020-07-21 Chang Leng, Ying Qiao, Xiaobo Sharon Hu, Hongan Wang
This paper investigates scheduling methods for two-stage real-time systems (2S-RTSs) that execute aperiodic tasks with firm and soft end-to-end deadlines. 2S-RTSs are often used to capture task execution in reactive systems where the first stage is responsible for detecting and preprocessing irregularly occurring external events and the second stage for taking certain actions to react to the identified