样式: 排序: IF: - GO 导出 标记为已读
-
How Information Technology Capability Affects Supply Chain Innovation and Performance: A Cross-Boundary Ambidexterity Perspective IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-24 Shaobo Wei, Weiling Ke, Kwok Kee Wei
-
New energy supply chain configuration diversified development: The role of the digital economy IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-23 Yuqiang Teng, Boqiang Lin
-
Nurturing Social Innovation Capabilities in Businesses through Open Innovation IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-22 Cinzia Battistella, Elena Pessot
-
Renewable Energy Investments of Electricity Enterprise With Carbon Quota Financing IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-22 Wei Chen, Yexia Zhang, Jing Chen, Yongkai Ma
-
Editorial Overview of Digital Literacy of Employees and Organizational Transformation and Innovation IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-19 Dilek Cetindamar, Babak Abedin, Nathasit Gerdsri, Kunio Shirahada
This special issue (SI) aims to provide organizations with a theoretical, conceptual, and applied grounded discussion of the Digital Literacy of Employees and Organizational Transformation and Innovation to aid in innovative, sustainable development, and effective decision-making. By doing so, our SI hopes to expand the technology management discipline in understanding the human side of technological
-
What is the Spillover Effect of Punishments on App Store? A Mechanism Research from Apple App Store IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-19 Xi Zhang, Zhe Wang, Keran Duan, Lei Wang, Peng Wang
-
Development and validation of an instrument to measure the perceived benefits of digitalization in manufacturing IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-17 Poonam Garg, Bhumika Gupta, Archana Sar, Gary Graham, Adam P Shore
-
A predictive method for weak signal evolution during new product development based on an improved matter-element extension model IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-16 Dongyuan Zhao, Zhongjun Tang, Jing Wang, Zhongya Han, Fengxia Sun, Duokui He, Qianqian Chen
-
Exploring Healthcare Entrepreneurship Ecosystem to Foster Solutions for Underserved Communities IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-16 Abdalilah Owaishiz, Tugrul Daim, Saeed Alzahrani, Marina Dabic
-
Measuring innovation system functions: A survey of additive manufacturing in South Africa IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-15 Michelle Smit, Sara S. Grobbelaar, Natasha Sacks
-
Live Streaming Service Introduction and Optimal Contract Selection in an E-commerce Supply Chain IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-15 Tong-Yuan Wang, Yi Chen, Abbas Mardani, Zhen-Song Chen
-
The Impact of Green Finance on Renewable Energy Development in India's Tourism Industry IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-12 Nenavath Sreenu
-
Review Helpfulness Scores vs. Review Unhelpfulness Scores: Two Sides of the Same Coin or Different Coins? IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-12 Yinan Yu, Dominik Gutt, Warut Khern-am-nuai
-
Optimizing the digital transformation capability for enhancing economic sustainability of entrepreneurial venture: The moderating role of entrepreneurial orientation IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-11 Vinod Kumar, Sachin Kumar, Sheshadri Chatterjee, Marcello Mariani
-
Investigating the antecedents of Green Manufacturing Practices adoption in a Sub-Saharan African Country: An Institutional Theory Perspective IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-11 Francis Kofi Andoh-Baidoo, Seth Kofi Nkrumah, Adegoke Oke, David Asamoah, Benjamin Agyei-Owusu
-
An Online Reviews-Driven Kano-QFD Method for Service Design IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-11 Chen Chen, Chenxi Zhang, Zeshui Xu
-
Green Open Innovation and Circular Economy: investigating the role of Big Data Management and Sustainable Supply Chain IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-10 Rohit Kumar Singh, Kaliyan Mathiyazhagan, Veronica Scuotto, Marco Pironti
-
A novel heuristic-based selective ensemble prediction method for digital financial fraud risk IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-09 Pingfan Xia, Xuhui Zhu, Vincent Charles, Xin Zhao, Mingsheng Peng
-
Blockchain Technology Application in an E-commerce Supply Chain: Privacy Protection and Sales Mode Selection IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-09 Guangming Li, Zhi-Ping Fan, Qingli Zhao, Minghe Sun
-
Framework for AI Adoption in Health Care Sector: Integrated DELPHI, ISM-MICMAC Approach IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-09 Amit Kumar Gupta, Manoj Kumar Srivastava
-
Evolutionary Phases in Emerging Technologies: Theoretical and Managerial Implications from Quantum Technologies IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-08 Mario Coccia, Saeed Roshani
-
Digitalization in Family Business: Trajectories and Trends IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-08 Muhammad Anwar
In recent years, research into digitalization in business and industry has resulted in momentous changes, the likes of which have not been seen for many decades. Consequently, scholars show a high interest in researching digital transition in business ventures, resulting in several systematic and bibliometric studies. However, despite the considerable increase in studies of digitalization and family
-
Can Corporate Digital Innovation Speed Up Climate Change Mitigation? Evidence From China IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-08 Jianjun Dong, Jiajia Tian, Han Lin, Xuekun Suo, Hengqin Wu, Ruochen Zeng
Addressing the challenges posed by climate change has led to a global consensus on adopting various environmentally sustainable practices, especially those aimed at reducing carbon emissions. Simultaneously, the role of digital innovation (DI) is increasingly recognized as a potential driver for corporate sustainability transformation in the current wave of the digital era. To investigate the environmental
-
How Do Stereotypical Representations Affect Judgments of New Product Success? An Empirical Investigation IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-05 Carlos Vazquez-Hernandez, Massimo Garbuio, Betina Szkudlarek
-
Triad of Digital Transformation: Holistic Orchestration for People, Process, and Technology IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-04 Abhijeet Satwekar, Mario Miozza, Chiara Abbattista, Sabrina Palumbo, Mara Rossi
Digital transformation (DT) is a critical area of focus as it disruptively transforms organizational business models, processes, and products. Despite being a prominent topic among information system scholars, the research has mostly centered around technological aspects, and there is a need to broaden the research approach to increase the understanding of DT's intricate dynamics, interdisciplinary
-
Interactive Information Disclosure as a Gatekeeper: Examining the Effect of Investor Panels on Equity Crowdfunding IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-03 Yi Wu, Hang Jin, Xiaopan Wang, Na Liu
-
Climate Policy Uncertainty and Entrepreneur Eco-investment Behavior for Green GrowthModerate Effect Analysis of Twin Transition IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-03 Xianyou Pan, Sachin Kumar Mangla, Malin Song, Demetris Vrontis
-
Double-Edged Effects of Innovation Culture on Firm Innovation Performance: Evidence From Management Disclosures and Employee Reviews IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-02 Muyu Zhang, Shan Liu, Baojun Gao
While innovation culture is well known to boost innovation performance, previous research has shown that it does not always benefit firms. Recent anecdotal evidence also reveals inconsistent correlations between innovation cultures among employees at different hierarchy levels and firm innovation performance. To reconcile these conflicts, we reinvigorate research on innovation culture by categorizing
-
TrPFZ2TLV-Based Decision-Making Frameworks for Site Selection of Large-Scale Solar Photovoltaic Power Plants IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-02 Fan Zhang, Yanbing Ju
-
Linking Digital Servitization and Industrial Sustainability Performance: A Configurational Perspective on Smart Solution Strategies IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-01 Milad Kolagar, Vinit Parida, David Sjödin
Manufacturing companies are introducing innovative ways to facilitate the sustainable transition of their customers’ operations. The emerging literature on digital servitization proposes numerous factors, such as the use of advanced artificial intelligence analytics, orientation toward outcomes, and aligning ecosystem partnerships, which can potentially influence the sustainable performance of industrial
-
P2P Platform Performances in Global Crisis: The Role of Hypothetical, Social Distance, and Host Characteristics IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-04-01 Raffaele Filieri, Francesco Luigi Milone, Emilio Paolucci, Elisabetta Raguseo
-
Business Model Innovation and Young Firm Performance: The Role of Founder Personality IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-29 Kseniia Veksler, Daria Dvorkina, Ivan Amarantov, Galina Shirokova, Virginia Bodolica
This article seeks to analyze the relationship between business model innovation (BMI) and young firm performance, and the impact of the founder's personal characteristics on this relationship. Drawing on the resource-based view and strategic leadership theory, we examine the moderating role of founder workaholism on the relationship between BMI and young firm performance and the moderating effect
-
Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading Among Prosumers in Energy Communities Based on Preferences Considering Holacracy Structure IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-28 Peyman Afzali, Arash Rajaei, Masoud Rashidinejad, Hossein Farahmand
Holacracy is a social structure for operating an organization in a self-organized, self-managed, and autonomous manner. Smart grids are moving toward local energy supply and self-organization to empower consumer electricity. Prosumers and consumers can actively share the benefit of using local energy sources in the form of emerging energy communities. A holacracy structure can be defined as a decision-making
-
Industry 4.0 skills in Industrial Engineering courses: contributing to the role of universities towards sustainable development IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-28 A. Bueno, M.L.R. Azevedo, M. Godinho Filho, G.M.D. Ganga, F.L. Lizarelli
-
Data-Driven Project Planning: An Integrated Network Learning, Process Mining, and Constraint Relaxation Approach in Favor of Scheduling Recurring Projects IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-28 Izack Cohen
Our focus is on projects, i.e., business processes, which are emerging as the economic drivers of our times. Differently from day-to-day operational processes that do not require detailed planning, a project requires planning and resource-constrained scheduling for coordinating resources across sub- or related projects and organizations. A planner in charge of project planning has to select a set of
-
Lean Management and Innovation—A Paradox? Reinventing the Role of Problem-Solving Within Organizations IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-27 Tal Katz-Navon, Eitan Naveh, Noa Ebenstein-Ziv
Organizations today are faced with the dual imperative of fostering both quality and innovation. The simultaneous pursuit of quality and innovation may introduce a paradox: achieving quality involves the promotion of a lean management climate, characterized by standardization, risk mitigation, waste reduction, and resource efficiency, while innovation necessitates a climate conducive to risk-taking
-
Path Dependence and Market Choice in Industrial Intelligence Development IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-25 Chengying He, Rui Chen, Yue Lv, Zhanzhong Shi, Chengshuang Lyu
-
Green Crowdfunding: An Empirical Study of Success Factors IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-25 Filippo Corsini, Francesco P. Appio, Marco Frey
Despite the growing body of research on crowdfunding, there is still a critical need to clarify the essential elements of its connection to sustainability. This study explores how various constructs, such as green product codesign, green market insight, environmental legitimacy, and the stage of product development, bear on the success of crowdfunding endeavors intended to finance eco-friendly products
-
Customer Firms’ Resistance and Innovation of Entrepreneurial Supplier Firms in the Blockchain Industry: The Mediating Role of Knowledge Assimilation IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-22 Leven J. Zheng, Boqiang Lin, Justin Z. Zhang, Sajjad M. Jasimuddin, Lisa Messina
The extant scholarship has concentrated on the macro-level interorganizational interactions within business-to-business (B2B) relationships. However, granular-level phenomena, particularly the resistive behaviors of individual B2B relationship managers, have not been adequately scrutinized. Grounded in resource dependence theory, the study examines the ramifications of B2B relationship manager resistance
-
Data Regulation and Data-Based Innovation in China: A Four-Group Game Model Using Empirical Testing IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-21 Xiaoxiao Zhou, Yongan Zhao, Xin Zhao, Ashfaq Ahmad, Umer Shahzad
The research problem : In this article, we identify the hindering effect of industry monopolies and insufficient regulation on China's data asset market. We underscore the necessity for a robust, market-driven data-allocation mechanism to foster the country's digital economy and high-quality development. Motivation : The principal aim of this study is to analyze the catalytic role of government regulations
-
Exploring safety vulnerability in prefabricated construction and mitigation effects of Internet of Things IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-19 Lizi LUO, Shiying HU, Ke CHEN, Yunlin LIU, Clyde Zhengdao LI
-
The Effect of the Commercialization Failure of SMEs’ R&D on Survival IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-19 Hyoung Sun Yoo, Ye Lim Jung
While the cases of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) that succeeded in research and development (R&D) have been relatively well known and studied, there has not been sufficient research on cases of R&D failure and the consequent costs. Based upon the resource-based view, we hypothesized that the commercialization failure of SME's R&D would be more severe for smaller firms lacking resources and dynamic
-
Evaluation of Multidimensional Carbon Neutrality Policies in Transportation Using a Novel Quantum Picture Fuzzy Rough Modeling IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-18 Gang Kou, Dragan Pamucar, Serhat Yüksel, Hasan Dinçer, Muhammet Deveci, Muhammad Umar
The purpose of this study is to evaluate carbon neutrality policies in transportation industry with a novel decision-making model. First, selected indicators are evaluated by quantum picture fuzzy row sets-based multi-step wise weight assessment ratio analysis (M-SWARA) technique. Secondly, the alternatives for the carbon neutrality policies in this industry are ranked. For this purpose, multi-objective
-
Artificial Intelligence Applications for Responsive Healthcare Supply Chains: A Decision-Making Framework IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-18 Naveen Virmani, Rajesh Kumar Singh, Vaishali Agarwal, Emel Aktas
-
CPAN Chart: A Novel Customer Perception Analysis System Using Natural Language Processing and Attribute Control Charting IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-12 Shubham T. Kakde, Sayak Roychowdhury, Akshay Tanaji Bhosale, Jhareswar Maiti
Customer reviews of a product or service collected over a period of time may reveal important directions about the changes required in the current functioning of the organization. In this article, a customer perception analysis chart is developed, which will help the business owners to monitor the proportion of negative reviews on a temporal scale, augmented with the information on the most pervasive
-
A Hybrid Simulation Model for the Allocation of Shared Resources in a Project Portfolio IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-12 Libiao Bai, Jiachen Lin, Qi Xie, Yipei Zhang, Xiqian Guo
To reasonably allocate shared resources (SRs) in project portfolios (PP) and realize PP's maximal benefits, in this article, we propose a hybrid SRs allocation model based on system dynamics (SD) and discrete event simulation (DES). Unlike previous resource allocation methods that solely consider project level benefits, the proposed model simultaneously considers the benefits at both project and portfolio
-
Technology Assessment for Cybersecurity Organizational Readiness: Case of Airlines Sector and Electronic Payment IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-12 Sultan Alghamdi, Tugrul Daim, Saeed Alzahrani
Payment processing systems have advanced significantly in the airline business. Because e-payments are easy, they have captured the attention of many companies in the aviation industry and are quickly becoming the dominant means of payment. However, as technology advances, fraud grows at a comparable rate. Over the years, there has been a surge in payment fraud incidents in the airline sector, reducing
-
The Watchful Waiting Strategy in Standard-Essential Patents: The Case of 5G Technology IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-11 Andre Herzberg, Nils M. Denter, Martin G. Moehrle
In recent years, the relevance of communication technology has steadily been increasing. This technology is represented by technical standards as a means for faster technology diffusion and regulation. In turn, they are supported by standard-essential patents (SEPs) that protect inventions related to the standard and can be licensed as a pool. However, there is no standard-essentiality check, which
-
Bridging and Bonding: Exploring the Influence of Community-Level Networks on Product Innovation in Video Game Communities IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-11 Jialing Liu, Jiang Wei, Tengjian Zou
With the rapid development of digital economy, firms are increasingly tapping into online communities to search for complementary innovation from users. From a network perspective, networks in online communities differ from networks in traditional organization in many aspects. A stream of literature has investigated how the networks at an individual level and team level influence innovative outcomes
-
Will Too Many Cooks (Robots) Spoil the Broth (Order Fulfillment)? Navigating Priority Orders in Warehousing Operations of E-Commerce Supply Chains IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-11 Jiuh-Biing Sheu, Suryakant Kumar, Tanmoy Kundu
E-commerce companies are increasingly facing serious challenges in their supply chains during order fulfillment, as warehouses must simultaneously handle regular and priority (termed as prime) customer orders (COs). Motivated by the concerns of parts-to-picker warehouse operators’ need for efficient order picking systems accommodating both prime and regular COs, this study presents a queuing game based
-
Resource Conflicts Resolution of Sophisticated Production Lines During the Process of Product Renewal IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-08 Yong Liu, Zhaoting Wang, Zihong Huang, Jeffrey Yi-Lin Forrest
There exist a variety of resource conflicts due to resource constraints in production lines during the period of renewal of sophisticated products manufacturing, probably leading to production delays and resource wastage. With respect to the resource conflicts of the resource-constrained multiproject scheduling problem in sophisticated product lines, we construct a multiproject production line resource
-
Be Social! The Impact of Online Referral Program on Referrer Purchase Behavior IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-07 Xiaoqian Liu, Chunmian Ge, Yi Shen, Junhui Jiang
Despite the widespread presence of online referral programs, there is a notable gap in empirical research examining their influence on referrers. In this article, we explore the impact of participation in online referral programs on the subsequent purchasing behavior of referrers, utilizing data from Vipshop, a prominent e-commerce platform. Vipshop has successfully expanded its social commerce operations
-
The Effect of Coordination Capability on Knowledge Transfer: The Moderating Role of Learning Orientation IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-07 Suming Wu, Xiu-Hao Ding
Previous article has considered antecedents in the knowledge transfer process; however, these articles assume that knowledge does not update all the time in firms. Therefore, based on transactive memory systems (TMSs) theory, this article tests the effect of different dimensions of coordination capability on knowledge transfer, and the important role of learning orientation. Through 232 surveys, this
-
Determinants of Intention to Use Simulation-Based Learning in Computers and Networking Courses: An ISM and MICMAC Analysis IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-07 Shahla Asadi, Jordan Allison, Mohammad Iranmanesh, Masood Fathi, Mahmood Safaei, Faisal Saeed
Simulation-based learning (SBL) presents a wide variety of opportunities to practice complex computer and networking skills in higher education, employing various platforms to enhance educational outcomes. The integration of SBL tools in teaching computer networking courses is useful for both instructors and learners. Furthermore, the increasing importance of SBL in higher education highlights the
-
Explainable Transfer Learning for Modeling and Assessing Risks in Tunnel Construction IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Hanbin Luo, Jialin Chen, Peter Love, Weili Fang
-
How to Achieve Better Cooperation and Performance in Construction Projects: A Perspective of Interorganizational Conflict Profiles IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-29 Peiwen Wang, Wenxue Lu, Lihan Zhang
Conflicts in construction projects have received considerable attention because of their significant impact on cooperation between participants and project performance. Existing literature typically categorizes interorganizational conflict into three types: task, relationship, and process conflict. These conflicts have been studied from a separation perspective, leading to inconsistent views in the
-
Energy Transition, the Next Hotspot of Energy Research: A Study Using Topic Modeling IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-29 Shrawan Kumar Trivedi, Amrinder Singh, Mohd. Irfan, Harigaran T., Pradipta Patra
The rapid increase in the amount of greenhouse gas emissions resulting from the utilization of fossil fuels to meet global energy needs has made the transition to cleaner energy sources imperative. Past studies show that energy transition not only improves the environment that we live in but is also a means to fulfill many of the United Nation's sustainable development goals. Even though studies as
-
Investigating the Impact of Blockchain on Project Risk Management Success: A Structural Equation Model IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-28 Sevilay Demirkesen, Algan Tezel, Furkan Uysal, Zafer Ozturk
-
Data-Driven Innovation: A Literature Review, Conceptual Framework, and Research Agenda IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-28 David T. W. Wong, Eric W. T. Ngai
We systematically review the data-driven innovation (DDI) literature spanning 2009–2022, analyzing key studies, assessing the current state of DDI research in information systems and operations management, and highlighting the research gaps. A classification framework to organize the DDI research literature is proposed. Using Gregor's (2006) theory classification framework, we identify theory types
-
Three Decades of Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions Research: Mapping the Field and Paths Forward IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. (IF 5.8) Pub Date : 2024-02-28 Jiaying Liu, Qiaoshuang Meng, Fang-Mei Tseng, Yutao Sun
Previous reviews of cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&As) have not provided an integrative and evolutionary analysis, and the academic literature generally reflects a fragmented research perspective. Therefore, this study combined a bibliometric analysis and text mining to analyze the evolution of theories and topics as well as theory–topic co-occurrence. We also used a topic modeling technique