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Uncovering Effects of Schizophrenia upon a Maximally Significant, Minimally Complex Subset of Default Mode Network Connectivity Features bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-25 Masoud Seraji, Charles A. Ellis, Mohammad S.E. Sendi, Robyn L. Miller, Vince D. Calhoun
A common analysis approach for resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) dynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC) data involves clustering windowed correlation time-series and assigning time windows to clusters (i.e., states) that can be quantified to summarize aspects of the dFNC dynamics. However, those methods can be dominated by a select few features and obscure key dynamics
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A theory of temporal self-supervised learning in neocortical layers bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-25 Kevin Kermani Nejad, Paul Anastasiades, Loreen Hertag, Rui Ponte Costa
The neocortex constructs an internal representation of the world, but the underlying circuitry and computational principles remain unclear. Inspired by self-supervised learning algorithms, we introduce a computational model wherein layer 2/3 (L2/3) learns to predict incoming sensory stimuli by comparing previous sensory inputs, relayed via layer 4, with current thalamic inputs arriving at layer 5 (L5)
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Hierarchical cortical entrainment orchestrates the multisensory processing of biological motion bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-25 Li Shen, Shuo Li, Yuhao Tian, Ying Wang, Yi Jiang
When observing others' behaviors, we continuously integrate their movements with the corresponding sounds to achieve efficient perception and develop adaptive responses. However, how human brains integrate these complex audiovisual cues based on their natural temporal correspondence remains unknown. Using electroencephalogram, we demonstrated that cortical oscillations entrained to hierarchical rhythmic
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The hippocampus pre-orders movements for skilled action sequences bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-25 Rhys Yewbrey, Katja Kornysheva
Plasticity in the subcortical motor basal ganglia-thalamo-cerebellar network plays a key role in the acquisition and control of long-term memory for new procedural skills, from the formation of population trajectories controlling trained motor skills in the striatum to the adaptation of sensorimotor maps in the cerebellum. However, recent findings demonstrate the involvement of a wider cortical and
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Models optimized for real-world tasks reveal the necessity of precise temporal coding in hearing bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-25 Mark R Saddler, Josh H McDermott
Neurons encode information in the timing of their spikes in addition to their firing rates. Spike timing is particularly precise in the auditory nerve, where action potentials phase lock to sound with sub- millisecond precision, but its behavioral relevance is uncertain. To investigate the role of this temporal coding, we optimized machine learning models to perform real-world hearing tasks with simulated
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Non-resolving neuroinflammation regulates axon regeneration in chronic spinal cord injury bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-24 Andrew N Stewart, Christopher C Bosse-Joseph, Reena Kumari, William M Bailey, Kennedy A Park, Victoria K Slone, John C Gensel
Chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) lesions retain increased densities of microglia and macrophages. In acute SCI, macrophages induce growth cone collapse, facilitate axon retraction away from lesion boundaries, as well as play a key role in orchestrating the growth-inhibitory glial scar. Little is known about the role of sustained inflammation in chronic SCI, or whether chronic inflammation affects repair
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Non-apoptotic role of EGL-1 in exopher production and neuronal health in Caenorhabditis elegans bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-24 Zheng Wu, Eric Andy Cardona, Jon Pierce
While traditionally studied for their pro-apoptotic functions, recent research suggests BH3-only proteins also have non-apoptotic roles. Here, we find that EGL-1, the BH3-only protein in Caenorhabditis elegans, promotes the cell-autonomous production of exophers in adult neurons. Exophers are large, micron-scale vesicles that are ejected from the cell and contain cellular components such as mitochondria
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Deviation from typical brain activity during naturalistic stimulation predicts personality traits bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-24 Lucia Jajcay, David Tomeček, Renáta Androvičová, Iveta Fajnerová, Filip Děchtěrenko, Jan Rydlo, Jaroslav Tintěra, Jiří Lukavský, Jiří Horáček, Jaroslav Hlinka
The relationship between personality and brain activity has been an increasingly popular topic of neuroscientific research. However, the limitations of both personality measures and neuroimaging, as well as methodological issues, continue to pose challenges to its understanding. The naturalistic viewing condition has been shown to enhance individual differences and might, therefore, be of benefit to
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A recurrent neural circuit in Drosophila deblurs visual inputs bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-24 Michelle M Pang, Feng Chen, Marjorie Xie, Shaul Druckmann, Thomas R Clandinin, Helen H Yang
A critical goal of vision is to detect changes in light intensity, even when these changes are blurred by the spatial resolution of the eye and the motion of the animal. Here we describe a recurrent neural circuit in Drosophila that compensates for blur and thereby selectively enhances the perceived contrast of moving edges. Using in vivo, two-photon voltage imaging, we measured the temporal response
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Novel inhibitors of acute, axonal DLK palmitoylation are neuroprotective and avoid the deleterious side effects of cell-wide DLK inhibition bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-24 Xiaotian Zhang, Heykyeong Jeong, Jingwen Niu, Sabrina Marion Holland, Brittany Rotanz, John C Gordon, Margret B Einarson, Wayne E Childers, Gareth Thomas
Dual leucine-zipper kinase (DLK) drives acute and chronic forms of neurodegeneration, suggesting that inhibiting DLK signaling could ameliorate diverse neuropathological conditions. However, direct inhibition of the kinase domain of DLK in human patients and conditional knockout of DLK in mice both cause unintended side effects, including elevated plasma neurofilament levels, indicative of neuronal
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Anatomical circuits for flexible spatial mapping by single neurons in posterior parietal cortex bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-24 Bashir Ahmed, Hee Kyoung Ko, Maria Ruesseler, Jackson E. T. Smith, Kristine Krug
Primate lateral intraparietal area (LIP) is critical for cognitive processing. Its contribution to categorization and decision-making has been causally linked to neurons' spatial sensorimotor selectivity. We reveal the intrinsic anatomical circuits and neuronal responses within LIP that provide the substrate for this flexible generation of motor responses to sensory targets. Retrograde tracers delineate
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Epg5 links proteotoxic stress due to defective autophagic clearance and epileptogenesis in Drosophila and Vici Syndrome patients bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-24 Celine Deneubourg, Hormos Salimi Dafsari, Simon Lowe, Aitana Martinez-Cotrina, David Mazaud, Seo Hyun Park, Virginia Vergani, Reza Maroofian, Luisa Averdunk, Ehsan Ghayoor-Karimiani, Sandeep Jayawant, Cyril Mignot, Boris Keren, Renate Peters, Arveen Kamath, Lauren Mattas, Sumit Verma, Arpana Silwal, Felix Distelmaier, Henry Houlden, Adam Antebi, James Jepson, Heinz Jungbluth, Manolis Fanto
Epilepsy is a common neurological condition that arises from dysfunctional neuronal circuit control due to either acquired or innate disorders. Autophagy is an essential neuronal housekeeping mechanism, which causes severe proteotoxic stress when impaired. Autophagy impairment has been associated to epileptogenesis through a variety of molecular mechanisms. Vici Syndrome (VS) is the paradigmatic congenital
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Characterising time-on-task effects on oscillatory and aperiodic EEG components and their co-variation with visual task performance. bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-24 Martina Kopcanova, Gregor Thut, Christopher SY Benwell, Christian Keitel
Fluctuations in oscillatory brain activity have been shown to co-occur with variations in task performance. More recently, part of these fluctuations has been attributed to long-term (>1hr) monotonous trends in the power and frequency of alpha oscillations (8-13 Hz). Here we tested whether these time-on-task changes in EEG activity are limited to activity in the alpha band and whether they are linked
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Adaptive planning depth in human problem solving bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-24 Mattia Eluchans, Gian Luca Lancia, Antonella Maselli, Marco D'Alessandro, Jeremy Gordon, Giovanni Pezzulo
We humans are capable of solving challenging planning problems, but the range of adaptive strategies that we use to address them are not yet fully characterized. Here, we designed a series of problem-solving tasks that require planning at different depths. After systematically comparing the performance of participants and planning models, we found that when facing problems that require planning to
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Efficiency and reliability in biological neural network architectures bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-24 Daniela Egas Santander, Christoph Pokorny, András Ecker, Jānis Lazovskis, Matteo Santoro, Jason P. Smith, Kathryn Hess, Ran Levi, Michael W. Reimann
Neurons in a neural circuit exhibit astonishing diversity in terms of the numbers and targets of their synaptic connections and the statistics of their spiking activity. We hypothesize that this diversity is the result of an underlying tension in the neural code between reliability -- highly correlated activity across trials on the single neuron level -- and efficiency -- highly uncorrelated activity
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Spatial predictive context speeds up visual search by biasing local attentional competition bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-24 Floortje G Bouwkamp, Floris de Lange, Eelke Spaak
The human visual system is equipped to rapidly and implicitly learn and exploit the statistical regularities in our environment. Within visual search, contextual cueing demonstrates how implicit knowledge of scenes can improve search performance. This is commonly interpreted as spatial context in the scenes becoming predictive of the target location, which leads to a more efficient guidance of attention
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Synchronous ensembles of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons associated with theta but not ripple oscillations during novel exploration bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-23 En-Li Chen, Tsai-Wen Chen, Eric R Schreiter, Bei-Jung Lin
Synchronous neuronal ensembles play a pivotal role in the consolidation of long-term memory in the hippocampus. However, their organization during the acquisition of spatial memory remains less clear. In this study, we used neuronal population voltage imaging to investigate the synchronization patterns of CA1 pyramidal neuronal ensembles during the exploration of a new environment, a critical phase
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Effect of foot position during plantarflexion on the neural drive to the gastrocnemii in runners with Achilles tendinopathy bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-23 Gabriel L Fernandes, Lucas BR Orssatto, Anthony J Shield, Gabriel S Trajano
Runners with Achilles tendinopathy (AT) have reduced neural drive to the gastrocnemius lateralis (GL). This study investigated if the strategy of pointing feet-inward (feet-in) during isometric plantarflexion would increase gastrocnemius lateralis electromyography root mean square amplitude (RMS) and motor unit discharge rates, compared to feet-in neutral position (feet-neutral), in runners with Achilles
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Electrophysiological Brain Network Estimation with Simultaneous Scalp EEG and Intracranial EEG: Inference Algorithm and Applications bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-23 Shihao Yang, Feng Liu
Activity in the human brain is composed of complex firing patterns and interactions among neurons and neuronal circuits. The neuroimaging field underwent a paradigm shift over the past decades from mapping tasked evoked brain regions of activations towards identifying and characterizing the dynamic brain networks of coordinating brain regions. Electrophysiological signals are the direct manifestation
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Corrective feedback control of competing neural network with entire connections bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-23 Uramogi Wang
Continuous persist activity of the competitive network is related to many functions, such as working memory, oculomotor integrator and decision making. Many competition models with mutual inhibition structures achieve activity maintenance via positive feedback, which requires meticulous fine tuning of the network parameters strictly. Negative derivative feedback, according to recent research, might
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Mesolimbic dopamine ramps reflect environmental timescales bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-23 Joseph R Floeder, Huijeong Jeong, Ali Mohebi, Vijay Mohan K Namboodiri
Mesolimbic dopamine activity occasionally exhibits ramping dynamics, reigniting debate on theories of dopamine signaling. This debate is ongoing partly because the experimental conditions under which dopamine ramps emerge remain poorly understood. Here, we show that during Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning, mesolimbic dopamine ramps are only observed when the inter-trial interval is short relative
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Interneuron diversity and normalization specificity in a visual system bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-23 H Sebastian Seung
Normalization is a fundamental operation in image processing. Convolutional nets have evolved to include a large number of normalizations (Ioffe and Szegedy 2015; Ulyanov, Vedaldi, and Lempitsky 2016; Wu and He 2018), and this architectural shift has proved essential for robust computer vision (He et al. 2015; Bjorck et al. 2018; Santurkar, Tsipras, and Ilyas 2018). Studies of biological vision, in
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Encoding of 2D self-centered plans and world-centered positions in the rat frontal orienting field bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-23 Liujunli Li, Timo Flesch, Ce Ma, Jingjie Li, Yizhou Chen, Hung-tu Chen, Jeffrey C Erlich
The neural mechanisms of motor planning have been extensively studied in rodents. Preparatory activity in the frontal cortex predicts upcoming choice, but limitations of typical tasks have made it challenging to determine whether the spatial information is in a self-centered direction reference frame or a world-centered position reference frame. Here, we trained rats to make delayed visually-guided
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Differential encoding of fear learning and fear expression in the ventral and dorsal hippocampus bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-23 Marco N Pompili, Noé Hamou, Sidney I Wiener
While there is substantial evidence that the dorsal and ventral hippocampus play different roles during emotional learning, it is unknown how these roles are implemented. Here, we simultaneously recorded in these structures during fear conditioning, and demonstrated a predominance of responses related to fear expression in dorsal hippocampus, while ventral hippocampal responses were more closely linked
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High stakes slow responding, but do not help overcome Pavlovian biases in humans bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-23 Johannes Algermissen, Hanneke E. M. den Ouden
"Pavlovian" or "motivational" biases are the phenomenon that the valence of prospective outcomes modulates action invigoration: Reward prospect invigorates action, while punishment prospect suppresses it. While effects of the valence of prospective outcomes are well established, it is unclear how the magnitude of outcomes modulates these biases. In this pre-registered study (N = 55), we manipulated
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Sequential and dynamic coding of water-sucrose categorization in rat gustatory cortices bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-23 Germán Mendoza, Esmeralda Fonseca, Hugo Merchant, Ranier Gutierrez
The gustatory system underlies our conscious perception of sweetness and allows us to distinguish a sweet solution from plain water. However, the neural mechanisms in gustatory cortices that enable rats to differentiate sweetness from water remain elusive. In this study, we designed a novel sucrose categorization task in which rats classified water from a gradient of sucrose solutions. We found that
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What and where in electromagnetic brain imaging bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-23 Alain de Cheveigné
To understand the brain, we need to observe the nature and dynamics of the activity (the "what"), and the location or distribution of its sources (the "where"). This paper proposes a new approach in which these two elements are derived in parallel from separate columns of a data-driven analysis matrix. A subset of columns enhances the activity of interest, and its complement defines spatial filters
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Activity-driven trafficking of endogenous synaptic proteins through proximity labeling bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-23 Carlos Pascual-Caro, Jaime de Juan-Sanz
To enable transmission of information in the brain, synaptic vesicles fuse to presynaptic membranes, liberating their content and exposing transiently a myriad of vesicular transmembrane proteins. However, versatile methods for quantifying the synaptic translocation of endogenous proteins during neuronal activity remain unavailable, as the fast dynamics of synaptic vesicle cycling difficult specific
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SqueakOut: Autoencoder-based segmentation of mouse ultrasonic vocalizations bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-23 Gustavo M. Santana, Marcelo O. Dietrich
Mice emit ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) that are important for social communication. Despite great advancements in tools to detect USVs from audio files in recent years, highly accurate segmentation of USVs from spectrograms (i.e., removing noise) remains a significant challenge. Here, we present a new dataset of 12,954 annotated spectrograms explicitly labeled for mouse USV segmentation. Leveraging
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Probing sensitivity to statistical structure in rapid sound sequences using deviant detection tasks bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-23 Alice Milne, Maria Chait, Christopher M Conway
Statistical structures and our ability to exploit them are a ubiquitous component of daily life. Yet, we still do not fully understand how we track these sophisticated statistics and the role they play in sensory processing. Predictive coding frameworks hypothesise that for stimuli that can be accurately anticipated based on prior experience, we rely more strongly on our internal model of the sensory
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Spinal cord injury: What are the lesion effects on transplanted cells in an autograft model? bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-23 Quentin Delarue, Matthis Brodier, Pauline Neveu, Laurine Moncomble, Alizee Hugede, Axelle Blondin, Amandine Robac, Clemence Raimond, Pamela Lecras, Gaetan Riou, Nicolas Guerout
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious pathology of the central nervous system that result in loss of motor, sensory and autonomic functions below the level of the lesion and for which, unfortunately, there is currently no cure. In addition to the loss of function, SCI induces a systemic inflammation that is not confined to the spinal cord and whose effects are increasingly well characterized. In particular
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The role of NMDA receptors in memory and prediction in cultured neural networks bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-23 Martina Lamberti, Michel J.A.M. van Putten, Sarah Marzen, Joost le Feber
Memory has been extensively studied at the behavioural as well as the cellular level. Spike timing dependent plasticity (STDP) is associated with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activation and is widely accepted to be essential for long-term memory. However, experimental evidence remains sparse, probably due to the required complex combination of cellular and functional readouts. Recent work showed
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How many colours can you see? Real environmental lighting increases discriminability of surface colours bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-23 Takuma Morimoto, Joao M. M. Linhares, Sergio M. C. Nascimento, Hannah E. Smithson
Color supports object identification. However, two objects that differ in color under one light can appear indiscriminable under a second light. This phenomenon, known as illuminant metamerism, underlies the difficulty faced by consumers of selecting matching fabric or paint colors in a store only to find that they appear not to match under home lighting. The frequency of illuminant metamerism has
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Changes in intra- and interlimb reflexes from forelimb cutaneous afferents after staggered thoracic lateral hemisections during locomotion in cats bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-23 Stephen Mari, Charly G. Lecomte, Angele N. Merlet, Johannie Audet, Sirine Yassine, Rasha Al Arab, Jonathan Harnie, Ilya A. Rybak, Boris Prilutsky, Alain Frigon
In quadrupeds, such as cats, cutaneous afferents from the forepaw dorsum signal external perturbations and send signals to spinal circuits to coordinate the activity in muscles of all four limbs. How these cutaneous reflex pathways from forelimb afferents are reorganized after an incomplete spinal cord injury is not clear. Using a staggered thoracic lateral hemisections paradigm, we investigated changes
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JNK and PI3K signaling pathways mediate synapse formation and network spontaneous activities in primary neurons bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-23 Xiaoli Jia, Xian Jiang, Qiuyan Zhu, Shaohua Wu, Zhihong Zhou
Background: Cellular signals orchestrating synapse formation and neuronal network function remain poorly understood. To explore the critical signaling pathways in neurons and their influence on network development, pharmacological assays were employed to inhibit multiple signaling pathways in cultured neurons. Methods: Immunofluorescence and western blotting are applied to identify the expression of
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Enhanced behavioural and neural sensitivity to punishments in chronic pain and fatigue bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-23 Flavia Mancini, Pranav Mahajan, Anna a V. Guttesen, Jakub Onysk, Ingrid Scholtes, Nicholas Shenker, Michael Lee, Ben Seymour
Chronic pain and fatigue in musculoskeletal disease contribute significantly to disability, and recent studies suggest an association with reduced motivation and excessive fear avoidance. In this behavioural neuroimaging study in chronic inflammatory arthritis participants and healthy controls, we aimed to identify the specific behavioral and neural changes associated pain and fatigue during reward
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Distractor suppression operates exclusively in retinotopic coordinates bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-23 Yayla A Ilksoy, Dirk van Moorselaar, Benchi Wang, Sander A. Los, Jan Theeuwes
Our attention is influenced by past experiences, and recent studies have shown that individuals learn to extract statistical regularities in the environment, resulting in attentional suppression of locations that are likely to contain a distractor (high-probability location). However, little is known as to whether this learned suppression operates in retinotopic (relative to the eyes) or spatiotopic
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Motor Control of Distinct Layer 6 Corticothalamic Feedback Circuits bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-23 Luis E Martinetti, Dawn M Autio, Shane R Crandall
Layer 6 corticothalamic (L6 CT) neurons provide massive input to the thalamus, and these feedback connections enable the cortex to influence its own sensory input by modulating thalamic excitability. However, the functional role(s) feedback serves during sensory processing is unclear. One hypothesis is that CT feedback is under the control of extra-sensory signals originating from higher-order cortical
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Combining function and structure in a single macro-scale connectivity model of the human brain bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-23 Viljami Sairanen
Combining the macro-scale functional and structural connectivity matrices of the human brain could provide useful information on how various diseases and conditions affect the brain. However, it is not a simple task to combine such information as they are derived usually in very different ways with functional information typically gathered using fMRI, EEG, or MEG whereas structural information relies
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A neurometabolic signature in the frontal cortex explains individual differences in effort-based decision-making bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-23 Arthur Barakat, Nicolas Clairis, Jules Brochard, Mathias Pessiglione, Jean-Philippe Godin, Bernard Cuenoud, Lijing Xin, Carmen Sandi
Exploring why individuals vary in their willingness to exert effort is pivotal for understanding human motivation. Here, we utilized proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) at 7 Tesla on the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex/dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dmPFC/dACC) and anterior insula (AI) to uncover neurometabolic factors that influence these differences. Computational modeling and machine
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Distributed and integrated representations of tools in human parietal and anterior temporal regions revealed by fMRI-RSA bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-23 RYO ISHIBASHI, Gina Humphreys, Ajay Halai, Azumi Tanabe-Ishibashi, Nobuhiro Hagura, Matthew A Lambon Ralph
Classical models of tool knowledge and use are centred on dorsal and ventral parietal pathways. Theories of semantic cognition implicate a 'hub-and-spoke' network, centred on the anterior temporal lobe (ATL), that underpins all concepts including tools. Despite their prominence, the two theoretical frameworks have never been brought together and the large discrepancy in the functional neuroanatomy
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Quantitative Analysis of Roles of Direct and Indirect Pathways for Action Selection in The Basal Ganglia bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-23 Sang-Yoon Kim, Woochang Lim
The basal ganglia (BG) show diverse functions for motor and cognition. Here, we are concerned about action selection performed by the BG. Particularly, we make quantitative analysis of roles of direct pathway (DP) and indirect pathway (IP) for action selection in a spiking neural network with 3 competing channels. For such quantitative work, in each channel, we get the competition degree Cd, given
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GABA/Glutamate neuron differentiation imbalance and increased AKT/mTOR signalling in CNTNAP2-/- cerebral organoids. bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-23 Kleanthi Chalkiadaki, Elpida Statoulla, Maria Zafeiri, Georgia Voudouri, Alexandra Typou, Theoklitos Amvrosiadis, Niki Theodoridou, Dimitrios Moschovas, Apostolos Avgeropoulos, Martina Samiotaki, John O Mason, Christos G Gkogkas
We developed a human cerebral organoid model derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) with targeted genome editing to abolish protein expression of the Contactin Associated Protein-like 2 (CNTNAP2) autism spectrum disorder (ASD) risk gene, mimicking loss-of-function mutations seen in patients. CNTNAP2-/- cerebral organoids displayed accelerated cell cycle, ventricular zone disorganisation
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Perpetual step-like restructuring of hippocampal circuit dynamics bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-23 Zheyang (Sam) Zheng, Roman Huszár, Thomas Hainmueller, Marlene Bartos, Alex Williams, György Buzsáki
Representation of the environment by hippocampal populations is known to drift even within a familiar environment, which could reflect gradual changes in single cell activity or result from averaging across discrete switches of single neurons. Disambiguating these possibilities is crucial, as they each imply distinct mechanisms. Leveraging change point detection and model comparison, we found that
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Sex differences in the functional network underpinnings of psychotic-like experiences in children bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-23 Elvisha Dhamala, Sidhant Chopra, Leon Qi Rong Ooi, Jose M Rubio, B.T. Thomas Yeo, Anil K Malhotra, Avram J Holmes
Psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) include a range of sub-threshold symptoms that resemble aspects of psychosis but do not necessarily indicate the presence of psychiatric illness. These experiences are highly prevalent in youth and are associated with developmental disruptions across social, academic, and emotional domains. While not all youth who report PLEs develop psychosis, many develop other psychiatric
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Infraslow dynamic patterns in human cortical networks track a spectrum of external to internal attention bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-23 Harrison Watters, Aleah Davis, Abia Fazili, Lauren Daley, Theodore J LaGrow, Eric H Schumacher, Shella Keilholz
Early efforts to understand the human cerebral cortex focused on localization of function, assigning functional roles to specific brain regions. More recent evidence depicts the cortex as a dynamic system, organized into flexible networks with patterns of spatiotemporal activity corresponding to attentional demands. In functional MRI (fMRI), dynamic analysis of such spatiotemporal patterns is highly
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How distributed subcortical integration of reward and threat may inform approach-avoidance decisions bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-23 Anneloes M. Hulsman, Felix H. Klaassen, Lycia D. De Voogd, Karin Roelofs, Floris Klumpers
Healthy and successful living involves carefully navigating rewarding and threatening situations by balancing approach and avoidance behaviours. Excessive avoidance to evade potential threats often leads to forfeiting potential rewards. However, little is known about how reward and threat information is integrated neurally to inform either approach or avoidance decisions. In this preregistered study
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Directed differentiation of functional corticospinal-like neurons from endogenous SOX6+/NG2+ cortical progenitors bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-23 Abdulkadir Ozkan, Hari K Padmanabhan, Seth Shipman, Eiman Azim, Priyanka Kumar, Cameron Sadegh, Nazli Basak, Jeffrey D Macklis
Corticospinal neurons (CSN) centrally degenerate in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), along with spinal motor neurons, and loss of voluntary motor function in spinal cord injury (SCI) results from damage to CSN axons. For functional regeneration of specifically affected neuronal circuitry in vivo, or for optimally informative disease modeling and/or therapeutic screening in vitro, it is important
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No evidence that visual impulses enhance the readout of retrieved long-term memory contents from EEG activity bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-23 Sander van Bree, Abbie Sarah Mackenzie, Maria Wimber
The application of multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) to electroencephalography (EEG) data allows neuroscientists to track neural representations at temporally fine-grained scales. This approach has been leveraged to study the locus and evolution of long-term memory contents in the brain, but a limiting factor is that decoding performance remains low. A key reason for this is that processes like
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Functional dynamics and selectivity of two parallel corticocortical pathways from motor cortex to layer 5 circuits in somatosensory cortex bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-22 Hye-Hyun Kim, Kelly E Bonekamp, Grant R Gillie, Dawn M Autio, Tryton Keller, Shane R Crandall
In the rodent whisker system, active sensing and sensorimotor integration are mediated in part by the dynamic interactions between the motor cortex (M1) and somatosensory cortex (S1). However, understanding these dynamic interactions requires knowledge about the synapses and how specific neurons respond to their input. Here, we combined optogenetics, retrograde labeling, and electrophysiology to characterize
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Characterization and Mitigation of a Simultaneous Multi-Slice fMRI Artifact: Multiband Artifact Regression in Simultaneous Slices bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-22 Philip N Tubiolo, John Connor Williams, Jared Xavier Van Snellenberg
Simultaneous multi-slice (multiband) acceleration in fMRI has become widespread, but may be affected by novel forms of signal artifact. Here, we demonstrate a previously unreported artifact manifesting as a shared signal between simultaneously acquired slices in all resting-state and task-based multiband fMRI datasets we investigated, including publicly available consortium data from the Human Connectome
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Trait Reward Sensitivity Modulates Connectivity with the Temporoparietal Junction and Anterior Insula during Strategic Decision Making bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-22 Daniel Sazhin, James B Wyngaarden, Jeff B Dennison, Ori Zaff, Dominic Fareri, Michael S McCloskey, Lauren B Alloy, Johanna M Jarcho, David V Smith
Many decisions happen in social contexts such as negotiations, yet little is understood about how people balance fairness versus selfishness. Past investigations found that activation in brain areas involved in executive function and reward processing was associated with people offering less with no threat of rejection from their partner, compared to offering more when there was a threat of rejection
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REM disruption and REM Vagal Activity Predict Extinction Recall in Trauma-Exposed Individuals bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-22 Cagri Yuksel, Lauren Watford, Monami Muranaka, Emma C McCoy, Hannah Lax, Augustus Kram Mendelsohn, Katelyn I. Oliver, Carolina Daffre, Alexis Acosta, Abegail Vidrin, Uriel Martinez, Natasha Lasko, Scott Orr, Edward F. Pace-Schott
Accumulating evidence suggests that rapid eye movement sleep (REM) supports the consolidation of extinction memory. REM is disrupted in PTSD, and REM abnormalities after traumatic events increase the risk of developing PTSD. Therefore, it was hypothesized that abnormal REM in trauma-exposed individuals may pave the way for PTSD by interfering with the processing of extinction memory. In addition, PTSD
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Multifaceted impact of specialized neuropeptide-intensive neurons on the selective vulnerability in Alzheimer's disease bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-22 Manci Li, Nicole Flack, Peter A Larsen
INTRODUCTION: Widespread disruption of neuropeptide (NP) networks in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and disproportionate absence of neurons expressing high NP-producing, coined as HNP neurons, have been reported for the entorhinal cortex (EC) of AD brains. Hypothesizing that functional features of HNP neurons are involved in the early pathogenesis of AD, we aim to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying
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Network computations underlying learning from symbolic gains and losses bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-22 Hua Tang, Ramon Bartolo-Orozco, Bruno B. Averbeck
Reinforcement learning (RL) engages a network of areas, including the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), ventral striatum (VS), amygdala (AMY), and mediodorsal thalamus (MDt). This study examined RL mediated by gains and losses of symbolic reinforcers across this network. Monkeys learned to select options that led to gaining tokens and avoid options that led to losing tokens. Tokens were cashed out for juice
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Single-cell RNA sequencing of iPSC-derived brain organoids reveals Treponema pallidum infection inhibiting neurodevelopment bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-22 Qiu-Yan Xu, Yong-Jing Wang, Yun He, Xin-Qi Zheng, Man-Li Tong, Yu Lin, Tian-Ci Yang
Congenital syphilis is a vertically transmitted bacterial infection caused by Treponema pallidum, often causing multidomain neurodevelopmental disabilities. However, little is known about the pathogenesis of this disease. Brain organoids platform derived from the induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) is exposed to T. pallidum infection for modelling congenital neurodevelopmental impairment. Single-cell
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Hypoactivation of ventromedial frontal cortex in major depressive disorder: an MEG study of the Reward Positivity bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-22 Christopher J. H. Pirrung, Garima Singh, Jeremy Hogeveen, Davin Quinn, James F Cavanagh
Background: The Reward Positivity (RewP) is sensitive and specific electrophysiological marker of reward receipt. These characteristics make it a compelling candidate marker of dysfunctional reward processing in major depressive disorder. We previously proposed that the RewP is a nexus of multiple aspects of reward variance, and that a diminished RewP in depression might only reflect a deficit in some
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Does global signal regression alter fMRI connectivity patterns related to EEG activity? An EEG-fMRI study in humans bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-22 Alba Xifra Porxas, Michalis Kassinopoulos, Prokopis C Prokopiou, Marie-Helene Boudrias, Georgios D Mitsis
Functional brain connectivity measures extracted from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans have generated wide interest as potential noninvasive biomarkers. In this context, performing global signal regression (GSR) as a preprocessing step remains controversial. Specifically, while it has been shown that a considerable fraction of global signal variations is associated with
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Cerebrospinal fluid proteome profiling using machine learning shows a unique protein signature associated with APOE4 genotype bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-22 Artur Shvetcov, Shannon Thomson, Ann-Na Cho, Heather M Wilkins, Joanne H Reed, Russell H Swerdlow, David A Brown, Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, Caitlin A Finney
APOE4 is the biggest genetic risk factor for Alzheimers disease (AD). Proteome-wide changes independent of AD brain pathology and whether these extend to APOE4 carriers irrespective of cognitive status remain unknown. To investigate APOE4-associated proteome changes in people with and without AD. Patient clinical, APOE genotype, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteome data for 735 participants was sourced
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Luminance invariant encoding in primary visual cortex bioRxiv. Neurosci. Pub Date : 2024-04-22 Ronan Thomas O'Shea, Ian Nauhaus, Xue-Xin Wei, Nicholas J Priebe
The retina maintains sensitivity over a large range of luminance intensities by switching between rod and cone photoreceptors. This luminance adaptation has been shown to alter the receptive fields and interneuronal correlations of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). While these adaptations allow the retina to encode visual information across environmental conditions, they present a challenge to downstream